Sleep · desk opened JUL 9 2026 · revision 6 Reviewed OCT 17 2026

Sleep: What Holds Up and What Doesn't

How much sleep you need, whether a tracker can measure it, and whether sleep debt can be repaid. Two of these fourteen claims the evidence turns down.

14 questions rated against 112 screened studies. Each rating is the evidence on that one question, not an average of the desk.

sleep hub →

Where the evidence stands · 14 questions rated the number beside each is how many studies sit behind it

Established 4 questions

Does short or insufficient sleep duration associate with adverse health outcomes?57
Is irregular sleep timing independently associated with adverse health outcomes?7
Is seven to eight hours still right for older adults?3
Does Ozempic or Mounjaro help sleep apnea?9

Emerging 3 questions

Does caffeine before bed cut your sleep short?2
Does poor deep sleep increase dementia risk?3
Does a hot bath before bed help you sleep?1

Uncertain 5 questions

Do consumer wearables measure sleep accurately?31
Can a wearable tell which sleep stage you are in?4
Do deep-sleep sounds actually improve memory?2
Does an under-mattress sensor match a sleep lab?3
Do wearable sleep interventions actually help insomnia?1

Unsupported 2 questions

Does catch-up sleep fully undo sleep debt?3
Does intermittent fasting improve sleep?1

Does short or insufficient sleep duration associate with adverse health outcomes?

Rated proposition Insufficient sleep duration is associated with worse health outcomes.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

What the studies found Adequate sleep duration and quality are associated with better cardiometabolic, cognitive, and overall health outcomes.

Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

Used in 22 articles

Research Sets Total Sleep Targets, Not a Deep Sleep Number6 shared studies
Does a Consistent Sleep Schedule Actually Matter?5 shared studies
No Trial Has Followed Insomnia Treatment to a Heart Outcome4 shared studies
What Is Sleep Banking, and Does It Actually Work?4 shared studies
Does Poor Sleep Increase Dementia Risk?3 shared studies
Six Nights at Four Hours Produced Changes Like Aging2 shared studies
How Caffeine Timing Actually Affects Your Sleep1 shared study
Is Your Deep-Sleep Number Connected to Your Blood Pressure?1 shared study
Does Deep Sleep Actually Drive Your Testosterone?1 shared study
Evening Workouts Went With Worse Sleep Only Close to Bed1 shared study
Insomnia's Sleep Pattern Looks Like a Milder Depression1 shared study
Sleep Banking Before a Rough Stretch Showed a Real Benefit1 shared study
Your Tracker Says You Slept Badly. You Feel Fine. Who's Right?1 shared study
Is REM Sleep Really for Memory and Recovery, or Something Else?1 shared study
How Long Does It Take to Recover From Sleep Debt?4 shared studies
Older Adults Sleep Less, but 7 to 8 Hours Still Fits Health2 shared studies
What Is the Most Accurate Sleep Tracker?2 shared studies
Under-Mattress Sensor Overstated Sleep by 48 Minutes in Lab2 shared studies
Deep-Sleep Sounds Boost Brain Waves, Not Clearly Memory1 shared study
Watches Are Only So-So at Guessing Sleep Stages1 shared study
Is Oura Sleep Tracking Accurate? What the Lawsuit's Numbers Actually Measure1 shared study
Labs Score REM From Brain Waves, Wearables Estimate It1 shared study

57 studies scored · 6 anchor · 48 supporting · 1 null-result · 1 commentary (not counted) · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Do consumer wearables measure sleep accurately?

Rated proposition Consumer wearables measure sleep parameters with acceptable agreement against polysomnography.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

KnowYourPrime Evidence RegistryFinding KYP-ER-0007, the permanent, citable record of this rating

What the studies found Consumer wearable sleep trackers measure sleep accurately enough to be meaningful for everyday users.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.
An anchor study is present but its own reported finding does not cleanly affirm this claim, so it does not count toward the Established threshold.
A clean anchor supports this claim, but an unresolved conflicting study contradicts it on the core relationship, so the evidence is treated as in genuine dispute.
Some evidence conflicts on secondary points that do not change the core direction.

Used in 11 articles

What Is the Most Accurate Sleep Tracker?10 shared studies
Under-Mattress Sensor Overstated Sleep by 48 Minutes in Lab7 shared studies
Can Wearables Detect Deep Sleep Accurately?6 shared studies
Watches Are Only So-So at Guessing Sleep Stages5 shared studies
Labs Score REM From Brain Waves, Wearables Estimate It5 shared studies
Is Fitbit Sleep Tracking Accurate? How Garmin and WHOOP Compare3 shared studies
Is Oura Sleep Tracking Accurate? What the Lawsuit's Numbers Actually Measure3 shared studies
Should You Stop Tracking Your Sleep?1 shared study
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, Parkinson's Risk, and What Wearables Can Actually Catch1 shared study
Six Nights at Four Hours Produced Changes Like Aging2 shared studies
No Trial Has Followed Insomnia Treatment to a Heart Outcome1 shared study

31 studies scored · 8 anchor · 21 supporting · 1 conflicting · 1 commentary (not counted) · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Is irregular sleep timing independently associated with adverse health outcomes?

Rated proposition Greater sleep-timing irregularity is associated with worse health outcomes.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

What the studies found Regular and consistent sleep timing is associated with better health outcomes independent of duration.

Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

Used in 1 article

Does a Consistent Sleep Schedule Actually Matter?3 shared studies

7 studies scored · 3 anchor · 4 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Can a wearable tell which sleep stage you are in?

Rated proposition Consumer wearables identify individual sleep stages accurately against polysomnography.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

KnowYourPrime Evidence RegistryFinding KYP-ER-0016, the permanent, citable record of this rating

What the studies found Wearables are far better at telling sleep from wake than at naming which stage a sleeper is in. Reviews report real but partial staging ability, with REM the weakest.

An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.
An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.
An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding runs contrary to this claim, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.

Used in 4 articles

What Is the Most Accurate Sleep Tracker?3 shared studies
Labs Score REM From Brain Waves, Wearables Estimate It2 shared studies
Is Fitbit Sleep Tracking Accurate? How Garmin and WHOOP Compare1 shared study
Under-Mattress Sensor Overstated Sleep by 48 Minutes in Lab1 shared study

4 studies scored · 3 anchor · 1 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Does catch-up sleep fully undo sleep debt?

Rated proposition Recovery sleep restores cognitive performance to baseline after a period of sleep restriction.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Unsupported Existing evidence does not support the claim.

What the studies found Recovery sleep after a stretch of short nights improves performance markedly without returning it to baseline. Two nights of weekend catch-up did not restore attention after six weeks of restriction.

Null-result evidence bears directly on the claimed effect.

Used in 5 articles

How Long Does It Take to Recover From Sleep Debt?3 shared studies
What Is Sleep Banking, and Does It Actually Work?2 shared studies
Six Nights at Four Hours Produced Changes Like Aging1 shared study
No Trial Has Followed Insomnia Treatment to a Heart Outcome1 shared study
Research Sets Total Sleep Targets, Not a Deep Sleep Number1 shared study

3 studies scored · 1 supporting · 2 null-result · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Does caffeine before bed cut your sleep short?

Rated proposition Caffeine consumed before bedtime reduces total sleep time.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Emerging Evidence currently favors the claim, but more confirmation is needed.

What the studies found Caffeine cuts total sleep time by about 45 minutes and shifts sleep lighter. Avoiding that shortfall means about 8.8 hours between a coffee and bed.

Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.
The claim rests on a single anchor whose finding affirms it; a second independent affirming anchor is needed to reach Established.

Used in 2 articles

How Caffeine Timing Actually Affects Your Sleep1 shared study
Research Sets Total Sleep Targets, Not a Deep Sleep Number1 shared study

2 studies scored · 1 anchor · 1 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Do deep-sleep sounds actually improve memory?

Rated proposition Acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep improves overnight memory consolidation.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

What the studies found Playing sounds timed to deep-sleep brain waves does reliably enhance those waves. Whether it improves memory the next morning did not reach significance when the trials were pooled.

An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.

Used in 1 article

Deep-Sleep Sounds Boost Brain Waves, Not Clearly Memory1 shared study

2 studies scored · 1 anchor · 1 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Does poor deep sleep increase dementia risk?

Rated proposition Reduced slow-wave sleep is associated with dementia.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Emerging Evidence currently favors the claim, but more confirmation is needed.

What the studies found People with dementia have less slow-wave sleep. Almost all of that evidence is cross-sectional, so whether losing deep sleep precedes the disease is not established.

Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.
The claim rests on a single anchor whose finding affirms it; a second independent affirming anchor is needed to reach Established.

Used in 1 article

Does Poor Sleep Increase Dementia Risk?1 shared study

3 studies scored · 1 anchor · 2 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Does an under-mattress sensor match a sleep lab?

Rated proposition An under-mattress sleep sensor agrees with polysomnography.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

KnowYourPrime Evidence RegistryFinding KYP-ER-0008, the permanent, citable record of this rating

What the studies found An under-mattress sensor detects sleep well and wake poorly, and overstates total sleep by 20 to 48 minutes. Its stage estimates are further off than its sleep-wake calls.

An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.
An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.

Used in 2 articles

Under-Mattress Sensor Overstated Sleep by 48 Minutes in Lab2 shared studies
Can Wearables Detect Deep Sleep Accurately?1 shared study

3 studies scored · 2 anchor · 1 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Is seven to eight hours still right for older adults?

Rated proposition Seven to eight hours remains the sleep duration most favourably associated with health for older adults.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

What the studies found Seven to eight hours stays the healthiest sleep duration into older age. Older adults sleep less than that, which is what changes, not the target.

Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

Used in 3 articles

Older Adults Sleep Less, but 7 to 8 Hours Still Fits Health3 shared studies
Research Sets Total Sleep Targets, Not a Deep Sleep Number2 shared studies
Does a Consistent Sleep Schedule Actually Matter?1 shared study

3 studies scored · 2 anchor · 1 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Does a hot bath before bed help you sleep?

Rated proposition Passive body heating before bedtime improves sleep onset and sleep quality.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Emerging Evidence currently favors the claim, but more confirmation is needed.

What the studies found A warm bath or shower at 40 to 42.5 degrees Celsius, taken one to two hours before bed, shortens how long it takes to fall asleep and improves self-rated sleep quality, with as little as ten minutes enough in the pooled trials.

Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.
The claim rests on a single anchor whose finding affirms it; a second independent affirming anchor is needed to reach Established.

1 studies scored · 1 anchor · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Do wearable sleep interventions actually help insomnia?

Rated proposition Wearable digital therapeutics improve sleep outcomes in adults with insomnia.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

What the studies found Wearable sleep interventions moved some individual sleep measures in adults with insomnia but did not improve overall insomnia severity, and the authors of the pooled analysis call the findings preliminary and position wearables as an add-on rather than a replacement for cognitive behavioral therapy.

An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.

Used in 1 article

No Trial Has Followed Insomnia Treatment to a Heart Outcome1 shared study

1 studies scored · 1 anchor · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Does intermittent fasting improve sleep?

Rated proposition Intermittent fasting improves sleep quality.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Unsupported Existing evidence does not support the claim.

What the studies found Across 16 randomized trials of intermittent fasting in adults with overweight or obesity, there was no overall effect on sleep quality, even though the same trials produced real reductions in weight, fat mass and blood pressure. Sleep was a secondary outcome in nearly all of them, so this is an absence of evidence from trials that were not built to answer the question.

Null-result evidence bears directly on the claimed effect.

Used in 1 article

Does Intermittent Fasting Improve Sleep?1 shared study

1 studies scored · 1 null-result · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

Does Ozempic or Mounjaro help sleep apnea?

Rated proposition GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce the severity of obstructive sleep apnea.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

What the studies found Tirzepatide cut apnea events by 23.8 an hour against placebo in a phase III trial of people with moderate-to-severe sleep apnea and obesity, and a meta-analysis across GLP-1 drugs found 13.89 fewer. Two caveats travel with it: the drug took 20 weeks to separate from placebo, and the size of the improvement tracked how much weight came off, so whether the drug or the weight loss is doing the work is not settled.

Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

Used in 1 article

Does Ozempic Help Sleep Apnea?4 shared studies

9 studies scored · 3 anchor · 6 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 17, 2026

MAINTAINED BY The KnowYourPrime Research Desk · reviewed against new evidence on a rolling basis

Evidence on: Insufficient sleep duration is associated with worse health outcomes.

57 scored

Anchor Studies6

Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews.

Journal

Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · 2021

PMID

33054337

RCR

19.3

Citations

272

Study type

Primary study

accidentsadult

Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Journal

Circulation · 2017

PMID

27647451

RCR

36.6

Citations

831

Study type

Review

activities of daily livingdiabetes mellitus, type 2

Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function.

Journal

Lancet (London, England) · 1999

PMID

10543671

RCR

75.9

Citations

2,562

Study type

Clinical trial

adultanalysis of variance

The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation.

Journal

Sleep · 2003

PMID

12683469

RCR

62.8

Citations

2,094

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

Sample size

n = 48

adultchronic disease

Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.

Journal

Communications biology · 2021

PMID

34795404

RCR

31.4

Citations

411

Study type

Review

disease susceptibilityhumans

Multidimensional Sleep Health: Definitions and Implications for Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Journal

Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes · 2025

PMID

40223596

RCR

27.7

Citations

Study type

Review

humansunited states

Supporting Studies48

Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene.

Journal

Progress in cardiovascular diseases · 2023

PMID

36841492

RCR

60.3

Citations

364

Study type

Review

humanssleep hygiene

Sleep: The silent hero in cardiometabolic health.

Journal

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2025

PMID

39643476

Citations

Study type

Review

humanssleep

Sleep and Risk for Heart Disease and Stroke.

Journal

Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026

PMID

41884894

Citations

Study type

Review

humansstroke

"More Kairos, Less Chronos": Sleep, circadian rhythms and the path to cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic protection.

Journal

Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2026

PMID

42323169

Citations

Study type

Review

humanssleep

Sleep and Athletic Performance.

Journal

Current sports medicine reports · 2018

PMID

29135639

RCR

10.6

Citations

170

Study type

Review

athletesathletic performance

Performance of wearable finger ring trackers for diagnostic sleep measurement in the clinical context.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2025

PMID

40108409

RCR

2.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanspolysomnography

Sleep-A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation.

Journal

Neuron · 2023

PMID

37023710

RCR

29.6

Citations

226

Study type

Review

memory consolidationsleep

Slow-wave sleep: From the cell to the clinic.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2018

PMID

29490885

RCR

9.7

Citations

188

Study type

Review

cognitionelectroencephalography

Both slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep contribute to emotional memory consolidation.

Journal

Communications biology · 2025

PMID

40123003

RCR

6.2

Citations

Study type

Primary study

memory consolidationhumans

Is glymphatic clearance the secret to restorative sleep?

Journal

Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026

PMID

41325105

Citations

Study type

Review

humansglymphatic system

Local modulation of human brain responses by circadian rhythmicity and sleep debt.

Journal

Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2016

PMID

27516598

RCR

6.1

Citations

147

Study type

Primary study

adolescentadult

Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults.

Journal

Sleep · 2021

PMID

33630069

RCR

2.2

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

6 women

adultattention

Sleep extension and cardiometabolic health: what it is, possible mechanisms and real-world applications.

Journal

The Journal of physiology · 2024

PMID

38268197

RCR

3.7

Citations

Study type

Review

humanssleep

Estimating individual optimal sleep duration and potential sleep debt.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2018

PMID

27775095

RCR

3.1

Citations

Study type

Primary study

adrenocorticotropic hormoneadult

Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery.

Journal

Sleep · 2009

PMID

19294951

RCR

6.4

Citations

182

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

adolescentadult

Sleep duration and quality, physical activity and cardiometabolic multimorbidity: findings from the English Longitudinal study of Ageing.

Journal

Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ · 2025

PMID

40832810

RCR

2.8

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

3,428 participants

humansmale

Associations of Sleep Quality with Life's Essential 8 Cardiovascular Health Score and Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults.

Journal

Metabolic syndrome and related disorders · 2025

PMID

40537094

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 3,293

humansmale

Performance of consumer wrist-worn sleep tracking devices compared to polysomnography: a meta-analysis.

Journal

Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025

PMID

39484805

RCR

6.5

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

humanspolysomnography

Dose-response relationship between evening exercise and sleep.

Journal

Nature communications · 2025

PMID

40234380

RCR

12.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansexercise

The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2023

PMID

36870101

RCR

29.3

Citations

153

Study type

Meta-analysis

humanscaffeine

Slow breathing techniques before bedtime and the effects on sleep: A systematic review.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2026

PMID

41886931

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

Sample size

457 participants

humanssleep duration

Modulating overnight memory consolidation by acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Sleep · 2021

PMID

33406249

RCR

4.2

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

n = 8

acoustic stimulationelectroencephalography

Linking Light Exposure and Subsequent Sleep: A Field Polysomnography Study in Humans.

Journal

Sleep · 2018

PMID

29040758

RCR

5.2

Citations

101

Study type

Primary study

actigraphyadult

Good sleep, bad sleep: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic measures in insomnia, depression, and narcolepsy.

Journal

Biological psychiatry · 1993

PMID

1467388

RCR

1.7

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

cerebral cortexcircadian rhythm

Why REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world.

Journal

Biological psychology · 2013

PMID

23174692

RCR

1.6

Citations

Study type

Review

adaptation, physiologicalanimals

The effect of internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy on sleep quality and insomnia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2026

PMID

42248986

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

humanssleep initiation and maintenance disorders

Association of sleep duration and hypertension in older adults: a cross-sectional study.

Journal

Blood pressure · 2026

PMID

42593006

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

15,650 participants

humansfemale

Presleep Whey but Not Casein Protein Ingestion Improves Sleep Quality After Resistance Exercise When Compared With an Isocaloric Control in Resistance Trained Individuals.

Journal

International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · 2026

PMID

42413910

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

Sample size

n = 5

humanswhey proteins

Explanatory Variables of Objectively Measured 24 h Movement Behaviors in Coronary Heart Disease Patients: A Systematic Review.

Journal

Clinical cardiology · 2026

PMID

42605982

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humanscoronary disease

Macro and micro sleep architecture and cognitive performance in older adults.

Journal

Nature human behaviour · 2021

PMID

33199858

RCR

11.5

Citations

141

Study type

Primary study

age factorsaged

Association of rapid eye movement sleep latency with multimodal biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.

Journal

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025

PMID

39868572

RCR

8.2

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

128 adults

humansalzheimer disease

Associations between slow-wave sleep and dementia: a systematic review.

Journal

East Asian archives of psychiatry : official journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi : Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan · 2025

PMID

41022659

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humansdementia

Reduced Slow-Wave Sleep and Sleep-Disordered Breathing Are Linked to Suicidal Ideation in Major Depressive Disorder.

Journal

Brain and behavior · 2026

PMID

42608943

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 49

humansmajor depressive disorder

Appetite adipokines and insulin resistance shape the link between sleep quality and cardiac structure in youths with cardiometabolic risk: the BCAMS study.

Journal

Cytokine · 2025

PMID

40682935

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 559

humansinsulin resistance

Polysomnographic Characteristics of Sleep Architecture in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Journal

The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology · 2024

PMID

38450648

RCR

3.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanssleep apnea, obstructive

Vitamin D and sleep in children.

Journal

Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2021

PMID

32672533

RCR

2.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

39 patients

adultchild

Sleep architecture and factors associated with sleep bruxism diagnosis scored by polysomnography recordings: A case-control study.

Journal

Archives of oral biology · 2020

PMID

32097767

RCR

2.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 58

adultalcohol drinking

Aging and changes in phasic events during sleep.

Journal

Physiology & behavior · 1994

PMID

8248360

RCR

1.5

Citations

Study type

Review

agedaging

Heritability of sleep architecture based on home polysomnography.

Journal

Journal of sleep research · 2025

PMID

40599001

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

648 participants

humanspolysomnography

Defining slow wave sleep without slow waves.

Journal

Trends in neurosciences · 2024

PMID

39327160

RCR

0.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

animalshumans

Sleep Characteristics and Long-Term Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Women With Gestational Diabetes.

Journal

JAMA network open · 2025

PMID

40042841

RCR

3.5

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 116

humansfemale

The effect of sleep status on all-cause mortality and premature death among middle-aged and older adults: A national cohort study.

Journal

Archives of gerontology and geriatrics · 2026

PMID

42648048

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

16,375 participants

humansmortality, premature

Short Sleep Duration Is Positively Associated With Traditional and Non-Traditional Markers of Adiposity and Cardiometabolic Risk in Individuals at Secondary Healthcare: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Journal

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026

PMID

42663994

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

937 men

humansfemale

Divergent Associations of Slow-Wave Sleep versus Rapid Eye Movement Sleep with Plasma Amyloid-Beta.

Journal

Annals of neurology · 2024

PMID

38624158

RCR

3.1

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansmiddle aged

Slow-wave sleep and androgens: selective slow-wave sleep suppression affects testosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone secretion.

Journal

Sleep medicine · 2019

PMID

29894840

RCR

0.6

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

17-alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneadult

The joint association of sleep duration and physical activity with frailty among older adults: the first evidence from CHARLS.

Journal

BMC geriatrics · 2026

PMID

42380804

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanssleep duration

Wife-husband differences in the associations between sleep durations and global cognition among middle-aged and older married couples in China: a longitudinal dyadic analysis.

Journal

The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026

PMID

42755049

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanssleep duration

Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children Aged 6-12 Years and Adolescents Aged 13-18 Years: A Meta-Analysis.

Journal

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias · 2026

PMID

42659532

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

sleep durationhumans

Null-Result Studies1

Associations of sleep duration and quality with risk of incident obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome: Results from the Midlife in the United States study.

Journal

Chronobiology international · 2025

PMID

40928139

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 381

Bears on

Secondary point

humansmetabolic syndrome

Retired / Excluded1

Noribogaine acute administration in rats promotes wakefulness and suppresses REM sleep.

Journal

Psychopharmacology · 2024

PMID

38467891

RCR

0.3

Citations

Study type

Primary study

animalssleep, rem

Letters, Editorials and Comments (not counted in the rating)1

Slow-wave sleep loss and cardiometabolic dysfunction: androgenic hormone secretion as a critical intermediate mediator.

Journal

Sleep medicine · 2021

PMID

31812924

RCR

0.6

Citations

androgensfemale

Evidence on: Consumer wearables measure sleep parameters with acceptable agreement against polysomnography.

31 scored

Anchor Studies8

Performance of consumer wrist-worn sleep tracking devices compared to polysomnography: a meta-analysis.

Journal

Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025

PMID

39484805

RCR

6.5

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

humanspolysomnography

Accuracy of Fitbit Charge 4, Garmin Vivosmart 4, and WHOOP Versus Polysomnography: Systematic Review.

Journal

JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024

PMID

38557808

RCR

16.9

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humanspolysomnography

Keeping Pace with Wearables: A Living Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews Evaluating the Accuracy of Consumer Wearable Technologies in Health Measurement.

Journal

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024

PMID

39080098

RCR

15.1

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

Sample size

n = 249

humansexercise

Real-World Use of Consumer Sleep Devices: A Rapid Review.

Journal

Chest · 2026

PMID

41811282

Citations

Study type

Review

humanspolysomnography

Validity and reliability of the Oura Ring Generation 3 (Gen3) with Oura sleep staging algorithm 2.0 (OSSA 2.0) when compared to multi-night ambulatory polysomnography: A validation study of 96 participants and 421,045 epochs.

Journal

Sleep medicine · 2024

PMID

38382312

RCR

18.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

malehumans

Accuracy of Three Commercial Wearable Devices for Sleep Tracking in Healthy Adults.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024

PMID

39460013

RCR

13.2

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansadult

Accuracy of 11 Wearable, Nearable, and Airable Consumer Sleep Trackers: Prospective Multicenter Validation Study.

Journal

JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2023

PMID

37917155

RCR

13.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

75 participants

humansfemale

Accuracy of Fitbit Devices: Systematic Review and Narrative Syntheses of Quantitative Data

Journal

JMIR mhealth and uhealth · 2018

DOI

10.2196/10527

Citations

686

Study type

Systematic review

Sample size

n = 67

Supporting Studies21

Accuracy of Wristband Fitbit Models in Assessing Sleep: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Journal

Journal of medical Internet research · 2020

PMID

31778122

RCR

22.9

Citations

336

Study type

Meta-analysis

actigraphyfemale

Sleep assessment using EEG-based wearables - A systematic review.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2024

PMID

38754209

RCR

17.6

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humanselectroencephalography

Performance of wearable finger ring trackers for diagnostic sleep measurement in the clinical context.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2025

PMID

40108409

RCR

2.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanspolysomnography

Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables.

Journal

Physiological reports · 2025

PMID

40834291

RCR

3.7

Citations

Study type

Validity study

humansheart rate

Deconstructing Commercial Wearable Technology: Contributions toward Accurate and Free-Living Monitoring of Sleep.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021

PMID

34372308

RCR

2.6

Citations

Study type

Review

photoplethysmographypolysomnography

PSG Validation of minute-to-minute scoring for sleep and wake periods in a consumer wearable device.

Journal

PloS one · 2020

PMID

32941498

RCR

2.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

accelerometryactigraphy

Journal

Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2018

PMID

28992827

RCR

2.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

21 participants

actigraphyfemale

A systematic review of the performance of actigraphy in measuring sleep stages.

Journal

Journal of sleep research · 2024

PMID

38384163

RCR

8.3

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humansactigraphy

Performance evaluation of an under-mattress sleep sensor versus polysomnography in > 400 nights with healthy and unhealthy sleep.

Journal

Journal of sleep research · 2025

PMID

40017337

RCR

6.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanspolysomnography

Validation of Zulu Watch against Polysomnography and Actigraphy for On-Wrist Sleep-Wake Determination and Sleep-Depth Estimation.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021

PMID

33375557

RCR

1.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

actigraphyhumans

The Combination of Topological Data Analysis and Mathematical Modeling Improves Sleep Stage Prediction From Consumer-Grade Wearables.

Journal

Journal of biological rhythms · 2024

PMID

39552521

RCR

1.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanswearable electronic devices

Overnight Sleep Staging Using Chest-Worn Accelerometry.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024

PMID

39275628

RCR

1.8

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

323 participants

humansmiddle aged

Domain Adversarial Convolutional Neural Network Improves the Accuracy and Generalizability of Wearable Sleep Assessment Technology.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025

PMID

39771718

RCR

0.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanswearable electronic devices

A Comprehensive Review of Home Sleep Monitoring Technologies: Smartphone Apps, Smartwatches, and Smart Mattresses.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025

PMID

40292882

RCR

3.5

Citations

Study type

Review

humanssleep

Evaluation of a Contactless Sleep Monitoring Device for Sleep Stage Detection at Home in a Healthy Population: Prospective Study in Free-Living Conditions.

Journal

JMIR human factors · 2026

PMID

41926681

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

69 women

humansfemale

Validity and clinical utility of a wrist-worn device against polysomnography.

Journal

PloS one · 2025

PMID

41026691

Citations

Study type

Validity study

Sample size

98 participants

humansmale

Evaluating the Feasibility of Low-Cost, Contactless Consumer Sleep-Tracking Devices as Measurement Tools for Preliminary Sleep Research.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

PMID

42076480

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanspolysomnography

Processed EEG in natural sleep.

Journal

Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · 2006

PMID

16634413

RCR

0.5

Citations

Study type

Review

electroencephalographyhumans

Automated REM vs NREM sleep staging using single overnight heart rate and accelerometer data.

Journal

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference · 2025

PMID

41336049

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

13 participants

humansheart rate

Diagnostic value of wearable and contactless technologies for detecting obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2025

PMID

41310031

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

3,768 participants

humanssleep apnea, obstructive

A Validation of Six Wearable Devices for Estimating Sleep, Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults

Journal

Sensors · 2022

PMID

36016077

Citations

324

Study type

Primary study

Conflicting Studies1

Direct application of an ECG-based sleep staging algorithm on reflective photoplethysmography data decreases performance.

Journal

BMC research notes · 2021

PMID

33168051

RCR

1.1

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Bears on

Core claim

algorithmselectrocardiography

Letters, Editorials and Comments (not counted in the rating)1

Contextual equivalence for accurate comparison of wearables requires transparency.

Journal

Physiological reports · 2025

PMID

41399178

Bears on

Secondary point

Evidence on: Greater sleep-timing irregularity is associated with worse health outcomes.

7 scored

Anchor Studies3

Sleep timing, sleep consistency, and health in adults: a systematic review.

Journal

Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · 2021

PMID

33054339

RCR

18.8

Citations

261

Study type

Systematic review

accidentsadiposity

Sleep regularity as an important component of sleep hygiene: a systematic review.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2025

PMID

41259946

RCR

2.9

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humanssleep hygiene

Associations between sleep variability and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2022

PMID

36081237

RCR

5.5

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

Sample size

n = 30,519

humanshemoglobins

Supporting Studies4

Children's sleep and health: A meta-review.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2020

PMID

31121414

RCR

24.1

Citations

341

Study type

Systematic review

adipositychild

Association of weekend catch-up sleep, sleep durations and cardiometabolic multimorbidity: Based on NHANES.

Journal

Journal of cardiology · 2025

PMID

40518072

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 3431

humansmale

Can weekend catch-up sleep repay the sleep debt? Balancing short-term relief with long-term risks.

Journal

Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2025

PMID

41148489

Citations

Study type

Review

humanssleep deprivation

Acute sleep rebound following sleep restriction is associated with reduced mortality risk.

Journal

Nature communications · 2026

PMID

42045198

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 4,586

humanssleep deprivation

Evidence on: Consumer wearables identify individual sleep stages accurately against polysomnography.

4 scored

Anchor Studies3

Accuracy of Fitbit Charge 4, Garmin Vivosmart 4, and WHOOP Versus Polysomnography: Systematic Review.

Journal

JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024

PMID

38557808

RCR

16.9

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humanspolysomnography

A systematic review of the performance of actigraphy in measuring sleep stages.

Journal

Journal of sleep research · 2024

PMID

38384163

RCR

8.3

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humansactigraphy

A Validation of Six Wearable Devices for Estimating Sleep, Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults

Journal

Sensors · 2022

PMID

36016077

Citations

324

Study type

Primary study

Supporting Studies1

Keeping Pace with Wearables: A Living Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews Evaluating the Accuracy of Consumer Wearable Technologies in Health Measurement.

Journal

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024

PMID

39080098

RCR

15.1

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

Sample size

n = 249

humansexercise

Evidence on: Recovery sleep restores cognitive performance to baseline after a period of sleep restriction.

3 scored

Supporting Studies1

The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation.

Journal

Sleep · 2003

PMID

12683469

RCR

62.8

Citations

2,094

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

Sample size

n = 48

adultchronic disease

Null-Result Studies2

Recovery of cognitive performance from sleep debt: do a short rest pause and a single recovery night help?

Journal

Chronobiology international · 2008

PMID

18533327

RCR

1.8

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Bears on

Core claim

adulthumans

Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults.

Journal

Sleep · 2021

PMID

33630069

RCR

2.2

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

6 women

Bears on

Core claim

adultattention

Evidence on: Caffeine consumed before bedtime reduces total sleep time.

2 scored

Anchor Studies1

The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2023

PMID

36870101

RCR

29.3

Citations

153

Study type

Meta-analysis

humanscaffeine

Supporting Studies1

The Caffeinated Brain Part 2: The Effect of Caffeine on Sleep-Related Electroencephalography (EEG)-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.

Journal

Nutrients · 2026

PMID

42075032

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

caffeinehumans

Evidence on: Acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep improves overnight memory consolidation.

2 scored

Anchor Studies1

Modulating overnight memory consolidation by acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Sleep · 2021

PMID

33406249

RCR

4.2

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

n = 8

acoustic stimulationelectroencephalography

Supporting Studies1

Can Slow-Wave Sleep Enhancement Improve Memory? A Review of Current Approaches and Cognitive Outcomes.

Journal

The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2019

PMID

30923474

RCR

3.0

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

acoustic stimulationcognition

Evidence on: Reduced slow-wave sleep is associated with dementia.

3 scored

Anchor Studies1

Associations between slow-wave sleep and dementia: a systematic review.

Journal

East Asian archives of psychiatry : official journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi : Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan · 2025

PMID

41022659

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humansdementia

Supporting Studies2

Sleep microstructure and cognitive trajectories in healthy aging: Insights from a longitudinal cohort study.

Journal

Sleep medicine · 2026

PMID

42628340

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansmale

Slow wave synchrony during NREM sleep tracks cognitive impairment in prodromal Alzheimer's disease.

Journal

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025

PMID

40399753

RCR

3.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansalzheimer disease

Evidence on: An under-mattress sleep sensor agrees with polysomnography.

3 scored

Anchor Studies2

Performance evaluation of an under-mattress sleep sensor versus polysomnography in > 400 nights with healthy and unhealthy sleep.

Journal

Journal of sleep research · 2025

PMID

40017337

RCR

6.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanspolysomnography

Evaluation of a Contactless Sleep Monitoring Device for Sleep Stage Detection at Home in a Healthy Population: Prospective Study in Free-Living Conditions.

Journal

JMIR human factors · 2026

PMID

41926681

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

69 women

humansfemale

Supporting Studies1

Diagnostic value of wearable and contactless technologies for detecting obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2025

PMID

41310031

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

3,768 participants

humanssleep apnea, obstructive

Evidence on: Seven to eight hours remains the sleep duration most favourably associated with health for older adults.

3 scored

Anchor Studies2

Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews.

Journal

Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · 2021

PMID

33054337

RCR

19.3

Citations

272

Study type

Primary study

accidentsadult

How much sleep do you need: A 10-year systematic review of National Sleep Foundation's sleep duration recommendations and examination of sex differences.

Journal

Sleep health · 2026

PMID

42248743

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

Sample size

n = 99

sleep durationhumans

Supporting Studies1

Normal polysomnography parameters in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2020

PMID

31006560

RCR

14.7

Citations

239

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

5273 participants

adultaged

Evidence on: Passive body heating before bedtime improves sleep onset and sleep quality.

1 scored

Anchor Studies1

Before-bedtime passive body heating by warm shower or bath to improve sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2020

PMID

31102877

RCR

4.2

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

bathsbody temperature regulation

Evidence on: Wearable digital therapeutics improve sleep outcomes in adults with insomnia.

1 scored

Anchor Studies1

Effectiveness of Wearable Digital Therapeutics in Improving Sleep Outcomes Among Individuals With Insomnia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Journal

Journal of medical Internet research · 2026

PMID

42727109

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

n = 910

humanssleep initiation and maintenance disorders

Evidence on: Intermittent fasting improves sleep quality.

1 scored

Null-Result Studies1

Journal

Sleep medicine reviews · 2025

PMID

41202521

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

n = 15

Bears on

Core claim

humansfasting

Evidence on: GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce the severity of obstructive sleep apnea.

9 scored

Anchor Studies3

Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity.

Journal

The New England journal of medicine · 2024

PMID

38912654

RCR

117.1

Citations

637

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

adultfemale

Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor agonists in treating Obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiometabolic and respiratory outcomes.

Journal

Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026

PMID

42029967

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

humanssleep apnea, obstructive

GLP-1 receptor agonists for obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Journal

Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026

PMID

42837024

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

humansglucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists

Supporting Studies6

Tirzepatide for sleep-disordered breathing in SURMOUNT-OSA: Time course and association with body weight.

Journal

Sleep medicine · 2025

PMID

41135142

RCR

2.9

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

humansmale

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis.

Journal

Sleep · 2025

PMID

39626095

RCR

15.4

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

1067 participants

humanssleep apnea, obstructive

Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the management of obstructive sleep apnea in individuals without diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

Journal

Sleep medicine · 2025

PMID

39978242

RCR

8.5

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

humanssleep apnea, obstructive

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists for obstructive sleep apnea in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal

Journal of translational medicine · 2025

PMID

40181368

RCR

7.1

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

humansdiabetes mellitus, type 2

Efficacy of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Obese or Diabetic Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis.

Journal

Nutrition reviews · 2026

PMID

40700548

RCR

4.2

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

1313 participants

humanssleep apnea, obstructive

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review.

Journal

JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery · 2026

PMID

42690639

Citations

Study type

Review

humanssleep apnea, obstructive

01 Research Log

JUL 9 2026

"More Kairos, Less Chronos": Sleep, circadian rhythms and the path to cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic protection. (Diabetes research and clinical practice 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Sleep-A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation. (Neuron 2023) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Sleep: The silent hero in cardiometabolic health. (Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene. (Progress in cardiovascular diseases 2023) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Slow-wave sleep: From the cell to the clinic. (Sleep medicine reviews 2018) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (Sleep medicine reviews 2023) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Slow breathing techniques before bedtime and the effects on sleep: A systematic review. (Sleep medicine reviews 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. (Lancet (London, England) 1999) entered as anchor on the duration_health claim.

Dose-response relationship between evening exercise and sleep. (Nature communications 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Performance of wearable finger ring trackers for diagnostic sleep measurement in the clinical context. (Scientific reports 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes. (Communications biology 2021) entered as anchor on the duration_health claim.

Both slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep contribute to emotional memory consolidation. (Communications biology 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Estimating individual optimal sleep duration and potential sleep debt. (Scientific reports 2018) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Associations of sleep duration and quality with risk of incident obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome: Results from the Midlife in the United States study. (Chronobiology international 2025) entered as null_result on the duration_health claim.

Sleep duration and quality, physical activity and cardiometabolic multimorbidity: findings from the English Longitudinal study of Ageing. (Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Associations of Sleep Quality with Life's Essential 8 Cardiovascular Health Score and Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults. (Metabolic syndrome and related disorders 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Is glymphatic clearance the secret to restorative sleep? (Brain : a journal of neurology 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. (Sleep 2003) entered as anchor on the duration_health claim.

Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery. (Sleep 2009) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults. (Sleep 2021) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Sleep extension and cardiometabolic health: what it is, possible mechanisms and real-world applications. (The Journal of physiology 2024) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Local modulation of human brain responses by circadian rhythmicity and sleep debt. (Science (New York, N.Y.) 2016) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews. (Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme 2021) entered as anchor on the duration_health claim.

Sleep and Risk for Heart Disease and Stroke. (Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. (Circulation 2017) entered as anchor on the duration_health claim.

Multidimensional Sleep Health: Definitions and Implications for Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. (Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes 2025) entered as anchor on the duration_health claim.

Sleep and Athletic Performance. (Current sports medicine reports 2018) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Performance of consumer wrist-worn sleep tracking devices compared to polysomnography: a meta-analysis. (Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Can weekend catch-up sleep repay the sleep debt? Balancing short-term relief with long-term risks. (Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 2025) entered as supporting on the regularity_health claim.

Association of weekend catch-up sleep, sleep durations and cardiometabolic multimorbidity: Based on NHANES. (Journal of cardiology 2025) entered as supporting on the regularity_health claim.

Children's sleep and health: A meta-review. (Sleep medicine reviews 2020) entered as supporting on the regularity_health claim.

Associations between sleep variability and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review. (Sleep medicine reviews 2022) entered as anchor on the regularity_health claim.

Sleep regularity as an important component of sleep hygiene: a systematic review. (Sleep medicine reviews 2025) entered as anchor on the regularity_health claim.

Acute sleep rebound following sleep restriction is associated with reduced mortality risk. (Nature communications 2026) entered as supporting on the regularity_health claim.

Sleep timing, sleep consistency, and health in adults: a systematic review. (Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme 2021) entered as anchor on the regularity_health claim.

Keeping Pace with Wearables: A Living Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews Evaluating the Accuracy of Consumer Wearable Technologies in Health Measurement. (Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2024) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Real-World Use of Consumer Sleep Devices: A Rapid Review. (Chest 2026) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Sleep assessment using EEG-based wearables - A systematic review. (Sleep medicine reviews 2024) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Performance of wearable finger ring trackers for diagnostic sleep measurement in the clinical context. (Scientific reports 2025) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

A systematic review of the performance of actigraphy in measuring sleep stages. (Journal of sleep research 2024) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Performance evaluation of an under-mattress sleep sensor versus polysomnography in > 400 nights with healthy and unhealthy sleep. (Journal of sleep research 2025) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

The Combination of Topological Data Analysis and Mathematical Modeling Improves Sleep Stage Prediction From Consumer-Grade Wearables. (Journal of biological rhythms 2024) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

PSG Validation of minute-to-minute scoring for sleep and wake periods in a consumer wearable device. (PloS one 2020) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Validity and clinical utility of a wrist-worn device against polysomnography. (PloS one 2025) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables. (Physiological reports 2025) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Accuracy of Wristband Fitbit Models in Assessing Sleep: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (Journal of medical Internet research 2020) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Accuracy of 11 Wearable, Nearable, and Airable Consumer Sleep Trackers: Prospective Multicenter Validation Study. (JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2023) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Accuracy of Fitbit Charge 4, Garmin Vivosmart 4, and WHOOP Versus Polysomnography: Systematic Review. (JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2024) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Evaluation of a Contactless Sleep Monitoring Device for Sleep Stage Detection at Home in a Healthy Population: Prospective Study in Free-Living Conditions. (JMIR human factors 2026) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Validation of Zulu Watch against Polysomnography and Actigraphy for On-Wrist Sleep-Wake Determination and Sleep-Depth Estimation. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2021) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Deconstructing Commercial Wearable Technology: Contributions toward Accurate and Free-Living Monitoring of Sleep. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2021) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Overnight Sleep Staging Using Chest-Worn Accelerometry. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2024) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Accuracy of Three Commercial Wearable Devices for Sleep Tracking in Healthy Adults. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2024) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Domain Adversarial Convolutional Neural Network Improves the Accuracy and Generalizability of Wearable Sleep Assessment Technology. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2025) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

A Comprehensive Review of Home Sleep Monitoring Technologies: Smartphone Apps, Smartwatches, and Smart Mattresses. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2025) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Evaluating the Feasibility of Low-Cost, Contactless Consumer Sleep-Tracking Devices as Measurement Tools for Preliminary Sleep Research. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2026) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Improving Sleep Quality Assessment Using Wearable Sensors by Including Information From Postural/Sleep Position Changes and Body Acceleration: A Comparison of Chest-Worn Sensors, Wrist Actigraphy, and Polysomnography. (Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2018) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

JUL 9 2026

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

JUL 17 2026

Contextual equivalence for accurate comparison of wearables requires transparency. (Physiological reports 2025) entered as conflicting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

JUL 17 2026

Contextual equivalence for accurate comparison of wearables requires transparency. (Physiological reports 2025) entered as a conflicting study on the wearable_accuracy claim, flagged as bearing on a secondary point, not the core direction.

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

AUG 7 2026

Modulating overnight memory consolidation by acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (Sleep 2021) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Linking Light Exposure and Subsequent Sleep: A Field Polysomnography Study in Humans. (Sleep 2018) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Processed EEG in natural sleep. (Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology 2006) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

AUG 14 2026

Noribogaine acute administration in rats promotes wakefulness and suppresses REM sleep. (Psychopharmacology 2024) entered as retired on the duration_health claim.

Good sleep, bad sleep: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic measures in insomnia, depression, and narcolepsy. (Biological psychiatry 1993) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Why REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world. (Biological psychology 2013) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

AUG 21 2026

Association of rapid eye movement sleep latency with multimodal biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. (Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Reduced Slow-Wave Sleep and Sleep-Disordered Breathing Are Linked to Suicidal Ideation in Major Depressive Disorder. (Brain and behavior 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Explanatory Variables of Objectively Measured 24 h Movement Behaviors in Coronary Heart Disease Patients: A Systematic Review. (Clinical cardiology 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Aging and changes in phasic events during sleep. (Physiology & behavior 1994) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Sleep architecture and factors associated with sleep bruxism diagnosis scored by polysomnography recordings: A case-control study. (Archives of oral biology 2020) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Appetite adipokines and insulin resistance shape the link between sleep quality and cardiac structure in youths with cardiometabolic risk: the BCAMS study. (Cytokine 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Slow-wave sleep loss and cardiometabolic dysfunction: androgenic hormone secretion as a critical intermediate mediator. (Sleep medicine 2021) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Defining slow wave sleep without slow waves. (Trends in neurosciences 2024) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Macro and micro sleep architecture and cognitive performance in older adults. (Nature human behaviour 2021) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

The effect of internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy on sleep quality and insomnia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (Scientific reports 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Association of sleep duration and hypertension in older adults: a cross-sectional study. (Blood pressure 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Heritability of sleep architecture based on home polysomnography. (Journal of sleep research 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Presleep Whey but Not Casein Protein Ingestion Improves Sleep Quality After Resistance Exercise When Compared With an Isocaloric Control in Resistance Trained Individuals. (International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Polysomnographic Characteristics of Sleep Architecture in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. (The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2024) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Associations between slow-wave sleep and dementia: a systematic review. (East Asian archives of psychiatry : official journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi : Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Vitamin D and sleep in children. (Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2021) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

SEP 4 2026

Sleep Characteristics and Long-Term Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Women With Gestational Diabetes. (JAMA network open 2025) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

The effect of sleep status on all-cause mortality and premature death among middle-aged and older adults: A national cohort study. (Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Short Sleep Duration Is Positively Associated With Traditional and Non-Traditional Markers of Adiposity and Cardiometabolic Risk in Individuals at Secondary Healthcare: A Cross-Sectional Study. (FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Direct application of an ECG-based sleep staging algorithm on reflective photoplethysmography data decreases performance. (BMC research notes 2021) entered as conflicting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

SEP 4 2026

Direct application of an ECG-based sleep staging algorithm on reflective photoplethysmography data decreases performance. (BMC research notes 2021) entered as a conflicting study on the wearable_accuracy claim, bearing on the core claim.

It caps the rating until reconciled.

SEP 17 2026

Divergent Associations of Slow-Wave Sleep versus Rapid Eye Movement Sleep with Plasma Amyloid-Beta. (Annals of neurology 2024) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Slow-wave sleep and androgens: selective slow-wave sleep suppression affects testosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone secretion. (Sleep medicine 2019) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. (Lancet (London, England) 1999) entered as anchor on the duration_health claim.

Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes. (Communications biology 2021) entered as anchor on the duration_health claim.

The joint association of sleep duration and physical activity with frailty among older adults: the first evidence from CHARLS. (BMC geriatrics 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Associations between sleep variability and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review. (Sleep medicine reviews 2022) entered as anchor on the regularity_health claim.

Automated REM vs NREM sleep staging using single overnight heart rate and accelerometer data. (Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2025) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Accuracy of Wristband Fitbit Models in Assessing Sleep: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (Journal of medical Internet research 2020) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

Accuracy of Fitbit Charge 4, Garmin Vivosmart 4, and WHOOP Versus Polysomnography: Systematic Review. (JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2024) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

SEP 20 2026

Accuracy of Wristband Fitbit Models in Assessing Sleep: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (Journal of medical Internet research 2020) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

SEP 29 2026

A systematic review of the performance of actigraphy in measuring sleep stages. (Journal of sleep research 2024) entered as anchor on the stage_accuracy claim.

Accuracy of Fitbit Charge 4, Garmin Vivosmart 4, and WHOOP Versus Polysomnography: Systematic Review. (JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2024) entered as anchor on the stage_accuracy claim.

SEP 29 2026

Recovery of cognitive performance from sleep debt: do a short rest pause and a single recovery night help? (Chronobiology international 2008) entered as null_result on the debt_recovery claim.

Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults. (Sleep 2021) entered as null_result on the debt_recovery claim.

SEP 29 2026

Recovery of cognitive performance from sleep debt: do a short rest pause and a single recovery night help? (Chronobiology international 2008) entered as a null result study on the debt_recovery claim, bearing on the core claim.

It caps the rating until reconciled.

SEP 29 2026

Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults. (Sleep 2021) entered as a null result study on the debt_recovery claim, bearing on the core claim.

It caps the rating until reconciled.

SEP 29 2026

The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (Sleep medicine reviews 2023) entered as anchor on the caffeine_sleep claim.

The Caffeinated Brain Part 2: The Effect of Caffeine on Sleep-Related Electroencephalography (EEG)-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review. (Nutrients 2026) entered as supporting on the caffeine_sleep claim.

SEP 29 2026

Modulating overnight memory consolidation by acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (Sleep 2021) entered as anchor on the acoustic_memory claim.

SEP 29 2026

Performance evaluation of an under-mattress sleep sensor versus polysomnography in > 400 nights with healthy and unhealthy sleep. (Journal of sleep research 2025) entered as anchor on the nearable_accuracy claim.

SEP 29 2026

How much sleep do you need: A 10-year systematic review of National Sleep Foundation's sleep duration recommendations and examination of sex differences. (Sleep health 2026) entered as anchor on the duration_by_age claim.

Normal polysomnography parameters in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (The Lancet. Respiratory medicine 2020) entered as supporting on the duration_by_age claim.

SEP 30 2026

Can Slow-Wave Sleep Enhancement Improve Memory? A Review of Current Approaches and Cognitive Outcomes. (The Yale journal of biology and medicine 2019) entered as supporting on the acoustic_memory claim.

Accuracy of Fitbit Devices: Systematic Review and Narrative Syntheses of Quantitative Data (JMIR mhealth and uhealth 2018) entered as anchor on the wearable_accuracy claim.

SEP 30 2026

Before-bedtime passive body heating by warm shower or bath to improve sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (Sleep medicine reviews 2020) entered as anchor on the warm_bath_sleep claim.

SEP 30 2026

Effectiveness of Wearable Digital Therapeutics in Improving Sleep Outcomes Among Individuals With Insomnia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (Journal of medical Internet research 2026) entered as anchor on the wearable_insomnia_therapy claim.

SEP 30 2026

The effects of intermittent fasting on sleep quality and cardiometabolic health outcomes in adults with overweight/obesity status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (Sleep medicine reviews 2025) entered as null_result on the fasting_sleep claim.

SEP 30 2026

It caps the rating until reconciled.

OCT 2 2026

Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor agonists in treating Obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiometabolic and respiratory outcomes. (Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 2026) entered as anchor on the glp1_sleep_apnea claim.

Tirzepatide for sleep-disordered breathing in SURMOUNT-OSA: Time course and association with body weight. (Sleep medicine 2025) entered as supporting on the glp1_sleep_apnea claim.

Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. (The New England journal of medicine 2024) entered as anchor on the glp1_sleep_apnea claim.

OCT 7 2026

Efficacy of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Obese or Diabetic Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. (Nutrition reviews 2026) entered as supporting on the glp1_sleep_apnea claim.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. (Sleep 2025) entered as supporting on the glp1_sleep_apnea claim.

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists for obstructive sleep apnea in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (Journal of translational medicine 2025) entered as supporting on the glp1_sleep_apnea claim.

Diagnostic value of wearable and contactless technologies for detecting obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 2025) entered as supporting on the nearable_accuracy claim.

OCT 15 2026

Wife-husband differences in the associations between sleep durations and global cognition among middle-aged and older married couples in China: a longitudinal dyadic analysis. (The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review. (JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery 2026) entered as supporting on the glp1_sleep_apnea claim.

GLP-1 receptor agonists for obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 2026) entered as anchor on the glp1_sleep_apnea claim.

Slow wave synchrony during NREM sleep tracks cognitive impairment in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. (Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2025) entered as supporting on the slow_wave_dementia claim.

Sleep microstructure and cognitive trajectories in healthy aging: Insights from a longitudinal cohort study. (Sleep medicine 2026) entered as supporting on the slow_wave_dementia claim.

OCT 15 2026

A Validation of Six Wearable Devices for Estimating Sleep, Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults (Sensors 2022) entered as anchor on the stage_accuracy claim.

A Validation of Six Wearable Devices for Estimating Sleep, Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults (Sensors 2022) entered as supporting on the wearable_accuracy claim.

OCT 17 2026

Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children Aged 6-12 Years and Adolescents Aged 13-18 Years: A Meta-Analysis. (Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2026) entered as supporting on the duration_health claim.

02 Revision Log

OCT 2 2026

glp1_sleep_apnea: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce the severity of obstructive sleep apnea..

SEP 30 2026

fasting_sleep: opened at Unsupported

Opened at Unsupported by rule from the current evidence for: Intermittent fasting improves sleep quality..

SEP 30 2026

wearable_insomnia_therapy: opened at Uncertain

Opened at Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: Wearable digital therapeutics improve sleep outcomes in adults with insomnia..

SEP 30 2026

warm_bath_sleep: opened at Emerging

Opened at Emerging by rule from the current evidence for: Passive body heating before bedtime improves sleep onset and sleep quality..

SEP 29 2026

duration_by_age: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: Seven to eight hours remains the sleep duration most favourably associated with health for older adults..

SEP 29 2026

nearable_accuracy: opened at Uncertain

Opened at Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: An under-mattress sleep sensor agrees with polysomnography..

SEP 29 2026

slow_wave_dementia: opened at Emerging

Opened at Emerging by rule from the current evidence for: Reduced slow-wave sleep is associated with dementia..

SEP 29 2026

acoustic_memory: opened at Uncertain

Opened at Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: Acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep improves overnight memory consolidation..

SEP 29 2026

caffeine_sleep: opened at Emerging

Opened at Emerging by rule from the current evidence for: Caffeine consumed before bedtime reduces total sleep time..

SEP 29 2026

debt_recovery: opened at Unsupported

Opened at Unsupported by rule from the current evidence for: Recovery sleep restores cognitive performance to baseline after a period of sleep restriction..

SEP 29 2026

stage_accuracy: opened at Uncertain

Opened at Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: Consumer wearables identify individual sleep stages accurately against polysomnography..

SEP 17 2026

wearable_accuracy: Emerging → Uncertain

Moved to Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: Consumer wearables measure sleep parameters with acceptable agreement against polysomnography..

SEP 4 2026

wearable_accuracy: Established → Emerging

Moved to Emerging by rule from the current evidence for: Consumer wearables measure sleep parameters with acceptable agreement against polysomnography..

JUL 9 2026

regularity_health: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: Greater sleep-timing irregularity is associated with worse health outcomes..

JUL 9 2026

wearable_accuracy: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: Consumer wearables measure sleep parameters with acceptable agreement against polysomnography..

JUL 9 2026

duration_health: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: Insufficient sleep duration is associated with worse health outcomes..

On our desk

Being read now. Nothing here changes a rating until it is read in full.

Association between stage-specific sleep bout durations and obstructive sleep apnea severity: A variable-domain functional regression approach

Identified

medRxiv · 2026·Functional-regression analysis linking stage-specific sleep bout duration patterns to obstructive sleep apnea severity; relevant to how fine-grained sleep architecture relates to sleep-disordered breathing outcomes, worth tracking for eventual bearing on the duration/health claim.