FILE: Temperature · OPENED AUG 1 2026 · REV 1 LIVE FILE

Temperature Research Desk

The working file on Temperature. Each claim below is rated on its own evidence.

temperature hub Evidence files: HRV·RHR·Sleep·VO2 Max·Wearable ECG·CGM·Recovery·Activity·Blood Oxygen·Respiratory Rate·Stress

Do consumer/research wearable temperature sensors agree with gold-standard core or reference temperature measurements?

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

Wearable skin/peripheral temperature sensors measure temperature-related physiological signals with accuracy sufficient to be meaningful for consumer use cases.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

15 studies scored · 4 anchor · 11 supporting · Last reviewed Aug 1, 2026

Does wearable temperature data detect or predict physiological state changes like ovulation, illness, or sleep onset?

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

Continuous wearable temperature tracking reflects physiological state changes such as ovulation timing, illness onset, and sleep transitions, useful for consumer health applications.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

19 studies scored · 6 anchor · 13 supporting · Last reviewed Aug 1, 2026

Studies in Pool34

Claims Rated2

Last PubMed SyncAug 1, 2026

Next Scheduled ReviewAug 8, 2026

1 systematic reviews 1 RCTs 26 observational 6 other

MAINTAINED BY The KnowYourPrime Research Desk · reviewed against new evidence on a rolling basis

Evidence for: Wearable skin/peripheral temperature sensors measure temperature-related physiological signals with accuracy sufficient to be meaningful for consumer use cases.

15 scored

Anchor Studies4

Accuracy of next-generation wireless skin temperature sensors during exercise-heat stress.

Journal

Experimental physiology · 2026

PMID

42261995

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Performance of a wearable CORE sensor for nocturnal core temperature monitoring during sleep.

Journal

Journal of thermal biology · 2026

PMID

42086019

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Core Temperature Estimation Using Wearable Earbud-Type Thermometer and Machine Learning During Light-Intensity Cycling Under Varying Indoor Ambient Temperatures.

Journal

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026

PMID

42257542

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansthermometers

Performance comparison of a wired zero-heat-flux sensor and wireless thermistor patch with esophageal probe for core temperature monitoring.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2026

PMID

42049813

Citations

Study type

Comparative study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Supporting Studies11

Wearable physiological monitoring for human thermal-work strain optimization.

Journal

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2019

PMID

28798200

RCR

4.1

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

body temperatureheat stress disorders

Wearable Personal Core Body Temperature Measurement Considering Individual Differences and Dynamic Tissue Blood Perfusion.

Journal

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics · 2022

PMID

34727042

RCR

2.1

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

body temperaturehumans

Thermoregulation and Heat Stroke Prevention in Older Adults: Advances in Emerging Technologies and Interventions.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025

PMID

41305264

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansbody temperature regulation

Noninvasive Continuous Temperature Monitoring in Oncology and Future Directions.

Journal

Clinical journal of oncology nursing · 2025

PMID

40401828

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansmonitoring, physiologic

A Comprehensive Review of Non-Invasive Core Body Temperature Measurement Techniques.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

PMID

41682487

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansbody temperature

Limited efficacy of low-volume ice slurry ingestion on physiological heat strain in Japanese outdoor workers during summer.

Journal

Annals of human biology · 2026

PMID

42530119

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansjapan

A Wearable System for Remote Wrist Skin Temperature Monitoring to Assess Skin Thermal Response to Extreme Cold: A Case Study.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

PMID

42198043

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansskin temperature

Multimodal Fusion of Environmental and Physiological Data for Real-World Personalised Comfort Modelling.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

PMID

42197750

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansenvironment

Evaluation of Exertional Sweat Loss Estimates in Wearable Technology.

Journal

Sports health · 2026

PMID

41320899

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humanswearable electronic devices

Minimally invasive prediction of blood lactate during incremental exercise via heart rate, core body temperature, and sweat-derived indices.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2026

PMID

41946811

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart rate

Use of continuous temperature data from wearable devices for fever or infection management in acute hospital settings: a scoping review protocol.

Journal

BMJ open · 2025

PMID

41469073

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansscoping reviews as topic

Evidence for: Continuous wearable temperature tracking reflects physiological state changes such as ovulation timing, illness onset, and sleep transitions, useful for consumer health applications.

19 scored

Anchor Studies6

Detection of COVID-19 using multimodal data from a wearable device: results from the first TemPredict Study.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2022

PMID

35236896

RCR

4.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adolescentadult

Modern fertility awareness methods: wrist wearables capture the changes in temperature associated with the menstrual cycle.

Journal

Bioscience reports · 2019

PMID

29175999

RCR

4.1

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adultbody temperature

The Accuracy of Wrist Skin Temperature in Detecting Ovulation Compared to Basal Body Temperature: Prospective Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

Journal

Journal of medical Internet research · 2021

PMID

34100763

RCR

3.5

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

body temperaturefemale

Distal skin temperature stabilization is tightly coupled with sleep onset across structured and free-living conditions.

Journal

Sleep medicine · 2026

PMID

42330816

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Evaluation of the accuracy of wrist skin temperature measured using an infrared sensor for prediction ovulation date.

Journal

Biosensors & bioelectronics · 2026

PMID

42143892

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Accuracy of an Overnight Axillary-Temperature Sensor for Ovulation Detection: Validation in 194 Cycles.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025

PMID

41157380

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

femalehumans

Supporting Studies13

Using Wearable Skin Temperature Data to Advance Tracking and Characterization of the Menstrual Cycle in a Real-World Setting.

Journal

Journal of biological rhythms · 2024

PMID

38767963

RCR

3.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Menstrual Cycle Variations in Wearable-Detected Finger Temperature and Heart Rate, But Not in Sleep Metrics, in Young and Midlife Individuals.

Journal

Journal of biological rhythms · 2024

PMID

39108015

RCR

2.6

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

The use of wearable devices for predicting biphasic basal body temperature to estimate the date of ovulation in women.

Journal

Journal of thermal biology · 2022

PMID

36031211

RCR

1.9

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

body temperaturefemale

Detection and Prediction of Ovulation From Body Temperature Measured by an In-Ear Wearable Thermometer.

Journal

IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2020

PMID

31095472

RCR

1.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adultalgorithms

Deep learning model using continuous skin temperature data predicts labor onset.

Journal

BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024

PMID

39587525

RCR

1.2

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Monitoring skin temperature at the wrist in hospitalised patients may assist in the detection of infection.

Journal

Internal medicine journal · 2021

PMID

31908128

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adultcross-sectional studies

Continuous body temperature as a window into adolescent development.

Journal

Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2023

PMID

36821877

RCR

0.8

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

femaleadolescent

State-dependent skin temperature increase during manic episodes of bipolar disorder.

Journal

Journal of affective disorders · 2025

PMID

40499838

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansbipolar disorder

Wrist temperature as a sleep marker in actigraphy.

Journal

Chronobiology international · 2026

PMID

41324514

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansactigraphy

Effectiveness of menstruation and fertility tracking technology in childbearing women: a scoping review.

Journal

Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P · 2025

PMID

41085255

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Measuring Skin Temperature as an Indicator for Cognitive Flow Using a Wrist-worn Wearable.

Journal

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference · 2025

PMID

40039242

RCR

0.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humanswearable electronic devices

Age-related patterns in distal skin temperature during naps.

Journal

Sleep · 2026

PMID

41841798

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansskin temperature

Physiological Effects of Far-Infrared-Emitting Garments on Sleep, Thermoregulation, and Autonomic Function Assessed Using Wearable Sensors.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

PMID

41600346

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansmale

01On Our Desk

In Progress

What we're reading right now

A study only enters a claim's evidence once it's read in full and weighed against what's already in file.

Identified

Queued

Under Review

Extracted

Pending Consensus

Nothing on the desk this cycle.

02Research Log

AUG 1 2026

doi:10.1016/j.bios.2026.118755 entered as anchor on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101221 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119643 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103290 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109074 entered as anchor on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07314-0 entered as anchor on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1042/bsr20171279 entered as anchor on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2587796 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag077 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782532 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1109/tbme.2019.2916823 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1111/imj.14748 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1177/07487304241247893 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1177/07487304241265018 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06862-9 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2024-0454en entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.2196/20710 entered as anchor on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.3390/s25206327 entered as anchor on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.3390/s26020550 entered as supporting on the cycle_illness_detection claim.

doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104477 entered as anchor on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1038/s41598-026-47148-8 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1038/s41598-026-48235-6 entered as anchor on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1080/03014460.2026.2705279 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3124551 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1111/sms.70315 entered as anchor on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1113/ep093856 entered as anchor on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103630 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00353.2017 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1177/19417381251388642 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.1188/25.cjon.e70-e78 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.3390/s25227058 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.3390/s26030972 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.3390/s26102940 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

doi:10.3390/s26103235 entered as supporting on the measurement_validity claim.

04Revision Log

AUG 1 2026

cycle_illness_detection: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: Wearable-measured temperature patterns track physiologically meaningful state changes such as ovulation or illness onset..

AUG 1 2026

measurement_validity: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: Wearable temperature sensors produce measurements that agree closely with reference-standard thermometry..

This page interprets published research. It is not medical advice. The KnowYourPrime Research Desk rates the evidence supporting a claim, not the claim itself. It does not diagnose or treat. Talk to your own doctor about your health.