CGM · desk opened JUL 18 2026 · revision 4 Reviewed OCT 25 2026

CGM: What Holds Up and What Doesn't

Continuous glucose monitors are being sold to people without diabetes. What the spikes mean, whether they change behavior, and what nobody has shown yet.

8 questions rated against 56 screened studies. Each rating is the evidence on that one question, not an average of the desk.

continuous glucose monitoring hub →

Where the evidence stands · 8 questions rated the number beside each is how many studies sit behind it

Established 3 questions

Does a CGM tell you anything useful about your diet?16
Does diet move your glucose swings more than exercise?6
normal cgm readings for non diabetic7

Emerging 1 question

Does using a CGM change behavior in a way that improves glycemic outcomes for people without diabetes?7

Uncertain 4 questions

Can a CGM catch prediabetes before a blood test would?8
Does a CGM still read correctly at altitude?1
Does your time in range say anything about heart risk?2
How accurate is a continuous glucose monitor if you do not have diabetes?16

Does a CGM tell you anything useful about your diet?

Rated proposition Continuous glucose monitor metrics correlate with dietary intake in people without diabetes.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

What the studies found CGM traces track what someone has eaten closely enough to be informative about diet. What those traces mean for long-term metabolic health is rated separately.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.
Some evidence conflicts on secondary points that do not change the core direction.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

Used in 2 articles

What a CGM Actually Shows in People Without Diabetes5 shared studies
Diet Cut Rapid Glucose Swings More Than Exercise Did1 shared study

16 studies scored · 3 anchor · 12 supporting · 1 conflicting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 25, 2026

Does using a CGM change behavior in a way that improves glycemic outcomes for people without diabetes?

Rated proposition Wearing a continuous glucose monitor leads to improved glycemic control through behavior change in non-diabetic users.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Emerging Evidence currently favors the claim, but more confirmation is needed.

What the studies found Using a continuous glucose monitor changes eating or exercise behavior in ways that measurably improve glycemic control for non-diabetic users.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
An anchor study is present but its own reported finding does not cleanly affirm this claim, so it does not count toward the Established threshold.
The claim rests on a single anchor whose finding affirms it; a second independent affirming anchor is needed to reach Established.
Some evidence conflicts on secondary points that do not change the core direction.

Used in 1 article

Does Wearing a CGM Actually Change What You Eat or How You Move?4 shared studies

7 studies scored · 4 anchor · 2 supporting · 1 conflicting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 25, 2026

Can a CGM catch prediabetes before a blood test would?

Rated proposition CGM metrics distinguish prediabetes from normal glucose beyond conventional laboratory markers.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

What the studies found One study separated pre-diabetic from normal glucose on CGM metrics, another found the groups overlapped substantially and CGM added nothing beyond a blood test, and a JAMA review calls the prediabetes evidence limited and indirect.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.
An anchor study is present but its own reported finding does not cleanly affirm this claim, so it does not count toward the Established threshold.
The claim rests on a single anchor whose finding affirms it; a second independent affirming anchor is needed to reach Established.
Null-result evidence bears directly on the claimed effect.

Used in 3 articles

Can a CGM Actually Catch Prediabetes Before a Blood Test Would?3 shared studies
What a CGM Actually Shows in People Without Diabetes2 shared studies
Does Wearing a CGM Actually Change What You Eat or How You Move?1 shared study

8 studies scored · 2 anchor · 5 supporting · 1 null-result · Evidence last evaluated Oct 25, 2026

Does a CGM still read correctly at altitude?

Rated proposition CGM sensors remain accurate under low oxygen conditions.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

What the studies found Both major CGM sensors lost accuracy under low oxygen. Error against a blood reference reached 21% for FreeStyle Libre and 42% for Dexcom G6 in healthy volunteers.

An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding runs contrary to this claim, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.

Used in 1 article

Do Dexcom and Libre Stay Accurate at Altitude?1 shared study

1 studies scored · 1 anchor · Evidence last evaluated Oct 25, 2026

Does diet move your glucose swings more than exercise?

Rated proposition Dietary change alters CGM rate-of-change metrics more than added physical activity does.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

What the studies found Changing what you eat moved CGM rate-of-change metrics measurably. Two weeks of added exercise did not.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

Used in 2 articles

Diet Cut Rapid Glucose Swings More Than Exercise Did2 shared studies
Does Wearing a CGM Actually Change What You Eat or How You Move?1 shared study

6 studies scored · 2 anchor · 4 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 25, 2026

Does your time in range say anything about heart risk?

Rated proposition CGM time-in-range discriminates cardiovascular risk in people without diabetes.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

What the studies found Time in range tracked predicted cardiovascular risk across 3,634 people without diabetes, at an AUC of 0.75. That is predicted risk, not observed events, in an analysis the authors call exploratory.

An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.

Used in 2 articles

Diet Cut Rapid Glucose Swings More Than Exercise Did1 shared study
What a CGM Actually Shows in People Without Diabetes1 shared study

2 studies scored · 1 anchor · 1 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 25, 2026

How accurate is a continuous glucose monitor if you do not have diabetes?

Rated proposition Consumer CGM readings agree closely with capillary or laboratory blood glucose reference measurements in people without diabetes.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Uncertain Evidence is conflicting, inconsistent, or difficult to interpret.

What the studies found Consumer continuous glucose monitors agree closely with blood glucose reference measurements in people without diabetes.

Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.
An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding runs contrary to this claim, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.
An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.
An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.
An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding supports this claim only weakly, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.
An anchor study was assessed but its own reported finding runs contrary to this claim, so the evidence is treated as unsettled rather than affirming.
At least one unresolved conflicting study bears on the core claim, capping the rating until reconciled.
Some evidence conflicts on secondary points that do not change the core direction.

Used in 1 article

How Accurate Is a CGM in People Without Diabetes?8 shared studies

16 studies scored · 5 anchor · 5 supporting · 6 conflicting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 25, 2026

normal cgm readings for non diabetic

Rated proposition People without diabetes spend most of the day between 70 and 140 mg/dL on a continuous glucose monitor.

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Established Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.

What the studies found People without diabetes spend most of the day between 70 and 140 mg/dL on a continuous glucose monitor, though short rises above 140 after meals are a normal part of the trace.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.

What would change this rating

A new core-hitting conflicting study, a retraction of an anchor, or a failed replication would lower this rating.

Used in 1 article

What a CGM Actually Shows in People Without Diabetes3 shared studies

7 studies scored · 3 anchor · 4 supporting · Evidence last evaluated Oct 25, 2026

MAINTAINED BY The KnowYourPrime Research Desk · reviewed against new evidence on a rolling basis

Evidence on: Continuous glucose monitor metrics correlate with dietary intake in people without diabetes.

16 scored

Anchor Studies3

Continuous Glucose Measurements for Diet Monitoring in Healthy Adults.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026

PMID

40792561

Citations

Study type

Observational study

Sample size

27 women

humansfemale

Associations of continuous glucose monitor derived time in range and glycaemic variability with diet lifestyle and demographics.

Journal

Nature communications · 2026

PMID

41896538

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 3,634

femalehumans

Associations of diet composition and quality with continuous glucose monitor-derived glycemic metrics in a community-based cohort.

Journal

The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025

PMID

40749968

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansfemale

Supporting Studies12

Beyond scalar metrics: functional data analysis of postprandial continuous glucose monitoring in the AEGIS study.

Journal

BMC medical research methodology · 2026

PMID

41580604

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanscontinuous glucose monitoring

Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Glycemic Profiles in Adolescents With Obesity Without Diabetes.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026

PMID

41928639

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansadolescent

Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring With Machine Learning to Identify Metabolic Subphenotypes and Inform Precision Lifestyle Changes.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026

PMID

41978474

Citations

Study type

Review

humanscontinuous glucose monitoring

A Wavelet AI Algorithm to Automatically Identify Postprandial Glucose Responses From Continuous Glucose Monitoring Profiles in People Without Diabetes.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026

PMID

41905765

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 65

humanscontinuous glucose monitoring

Performance of continuous glucose monitoring-based meal detection algorithms in young healthy adults.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2026

PMID

42156879

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanscontinuous glucose monitoring

Beyond Euglycemia: Case Studies Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Elite Athletes Without Diabetes During Record Athletic Events.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

PMID

41829603

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanscontinuous glucose monitoring

Diet-induced differences in estimated plasma glucose concentrations in healthy, non-diabetic adults are detected by continuous glucose monitoring-a randomized crossover trial.

Journal

Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2021

PMID

32679434

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

agedblood glucose

Eight-hour time-restricted eating does not lower daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates: A randomized control trial.

Journal

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023

PMID

36546330

RCR

2.8

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

malehumans

Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation.

Journal

PLoS biology · 2019

PMID

30040822

RCR

9.3

Citations

224

Study type

Primary study

adultaged

Effect of Exercise and Meals on Continuous Glucose Monitor Data in Healthy Individuals Without Diabetes.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2021

PMID

32064911

RCR

2.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

153 participants

adolescentadult

Impact of Lifestyle Behaviors on Postprandial Hyperglycemia during Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adult Males with Overweight/Obesity but without Diabetes.

Journal

Nutrients · 2021

PMID

34578968

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

agedblood glucose self-monitoring

Estimating Breakfast Characteristics Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Machine Learning in Adults With or at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026

PMID

39311452

RCR

5.3

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansdiabetes mellitus, type 2

Conflicting Studies1

Individual Postprandial Glycemic Responses to Diet in n-of-1 Trials: Westlake N-of-1 Trials for Macronutrient Intake (WE-MACNUTR).

Journal

The Journal of nutrition · 2022

PMID

34255080

RCR

1.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Bears on

Secondary point

adultbayes theorem

Evidence on: Wearing a continuous glucose monitor leads to improved glycemic control through behavior change in non-diabetic users.

7 scored

Anchor Studies4

Comparative effects of continuous glucose monitoring-informed and traditional interval-based carbohydrate refueling protocols on endurance exercise responses: an exploratory study.

Journal

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025

PMID

40957601

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

adulthumans

Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Glucose Metrics Over Time in Physically Active Adults Without Diabetes Using a Commercial Continuous Glucose Monitoring Application.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026

PMID

41773465

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humanscontinuous glucose monitoring

The efficacy of using continuous glucose monitoring as a behaviour change tool in populations with and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Journal

The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024

PMID

39716288

RCR

6.8

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

n = 17

humansrandomized controlled trials as topic

Behavioral and Psychosocial Effects of Participant-Visible Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Journal

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026

PMID

42796420

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

adulthumans

Supporting Studies2

Examining the Use of Glucose and Physical Activity Self-Monitoring Technologies in Individuals at Moderate to High Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Trial.

Journal

JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2020

PMID

31661077

RCR

1.3

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

Sample size

45 adults

adultblood glucose self-monitoring

Effects of Individualized Nutrition Therapy and Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Dietary and Sleep Quality in Individuals with Prediabetes and Overweight or Obesity.

Journal

Nutrients · 2025

PMID

40362826

RCR

3.1

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

Sample size

n = 15

adultaged

Conflicting Studies1

Innovative solution or cause for concern? The use of continuous glucose monitors in people not living with diabetes: A narrative review.

Journal

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2024

PMID

38925143

RCR

3.5

Citations

Study type

Review

Bears on

Secondary point

humansblood glucose self-monitoring

Evidence on: CGM metrics distinguish prediabetes from normal glucose beyond conventional laboratory markers.

8 scored

Anchor Studies2

Metabolic health tracking using Ultrahuman M1 continuous glucose monitoring platform in non- and pre-diabetic Indians: a multi-armed observational study.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2024

PMID

38499685

RCR

0.8

Citations

Study type

Observational study

Sample size

n = 53

humansprediabetic state

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes and Beyond: A Review.

Journal

JAMA internal medicine · 2026

PMID

42545686

Citations

Study type

Review

humansdiabetes mellitus, type 2

Supporting Studies5

Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation.

Journal

PLoS biology · 2019

PMID

30040822

RCR

9.3

Citations

224

Study type

Primary study

adultaged

Defining Continuous Glucose Monitor Time in Range in a Large, Community-Based Cohort Without Diabetes.

Journal

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025

PMID

39257191

RCR

11.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 560

humansfemale

From Stability to Variability: Classification of Healthy Individuals, Prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes Using Glycemic Variability Indices from Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data.

Journal

Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2025

PMID

39115921

RCR

8.3

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

836 participants

humansdiabetes mellitus, type 2

Continuous glucose monitoring is more sensitive than HbA1c and fasting glucose in detecting dysglycaemia in a Spanish population without diabetes.

Journal

Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2018

PMID

29807103

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

adultblood glucose

Glucodensity functional profiles outperform traditional continuous glucose monitoring metrics.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2025

PMID

41023089

RCR

3.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansblood glucose

Null-Result Studies1

Limited Discriminatory Capacity of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Prediabetes and Increased Diabetes Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Journal

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026

PMID

42654436

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

41 adults

Bears on

Core claim

humansprediabetic state

Evidence on: CGM sensors remain accurate under low oxygen conditions.

1 scored

Anchor Studies1

Accuracy of Dexcom G6® and FreeStyle Libre® Sensors in Standardized Hypoxia Conditions: A Randomized Controlled Trial-FOX Study.

Journal

Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2026

PMID

41703423

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

humansadult

Evidence on: Dietary change alters CGM rate-of-change metrics more than added physical activity does.

6 scored

Anchor Studies2

Dietary Intervention Is Associated with Lower CGM-Derived Glucose Rate-of-Change in Healthy Young Women: A Pilot Fixed Sequential-Intervention Study.

Journal

Nutrients · 2026

PMID

42514443

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansfemale

The effect of a low glycaemic index diet on reducing day-long glycaemia in healthy young adults: A randomized crossover trial.

Journal

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021

PMID

32761737

RCR

0.2

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

adultblood glucose

Supporting Studies4

The effect of bodyweight exercise on 24-h glycemic responses determined by continuous glucose monitoring in healthy inactive adults: a randomized crossover study.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2023

PMID

38017140

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

Sample size

n = 27

malefemale

Delayed dinnertime impairs glucose tolerance in healthy young adults.

Journal

Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024

PMID

37920117

RCR

0.2

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

humansyoung adult

Normal Reference Range for Glucose Rates of Change in Nondiabetic Individuals Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Journal

Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2026

PMID

41271217

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansblood glucose

Exercise-induced improvement of glycemic fluctuation and its relationship with fat and muscle distribution in type 2 diabetes.

Journal

Journal of diabetes · 2024

PMID

38584275

RCR

3.0

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

humansdiabetes mellitus, type 2

Evidence on: CGM time-in-range discriminates cardiovascular risk in people without diabetes.

2 scored

Anchor Studies1

Associations of continuous glucose monitor derived time in range and glycaemic variability with diet lifestyle and demographics.

Journal

Nature communications · 2026

PMID

41896538

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 3,634

femalehumans

Supporting Studies1

Non-Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients Without Diabetes: Use in Cardiovascular Prevention-A Systematic Review.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025

PMID

39796978

RCR

1.8

Citations

Study type

Systematic review

humanscardiovascular diseases

Evidence on: Consumer CGM readings agree closely with capillary or laboratory blood glucose reference measurements in people without diabetes.

16 scored

Anchor Studies5

Continuous glucose monitor overestimates glycemia, with the magnitude of bias varying by postprandial test and individual - a randomized crossover trial.

Journal

The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025

PMID

40021059

RCR

6.3

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

humansfemale

Accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system applied before, during, and after an intense leg-squat session with low- and high-carbohydrate availability in young adults without diabetes.

Journal

European journal of applied physiology · 2024

PMID

39037631

RCR

1.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansmale

Analytical Performance of the FreeStyle Libre 2 Glucose Sensor in Healthy Male Adults.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024

PMID

39275680

RCR

2.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansmale

Agreement of Over-the-Counter Continuous Glucose Monitors With Capillary-Meter Glucose in Young Adults Without Diabetes

Journal

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · 2026

PMID

42764665

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Discordance between postprandial plasma glucose measurement and continuous glucose monitoring.

Journal

The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022

PMID

35776949

RCR

1.4

Citations

Study type

Clinical trial

agedblood glucose

Supporting Studies5

Clinical Validation on Healthy Humans of a Portable Non-Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitor Based on Transdermal Band-Pass Raman Spectroscopy.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026

PMID

42060693

Citations

Study type

Validity study

humanscontinuous glucose monitoring

Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Measurements in Normo-Glycemic Individuals.

Journal

PloS one · 2016

PMID

26445499

RCR

2.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

agedblood glucose

Investigating sensor location on the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring during exercise in a non-diabetic population.

Journal

European journal of sport science · 2023

PMID

36715137

RCR

2.8

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansblood glucose

Continuous glucose monitoring is more sensitive than HbA1c and fasting glucose in detecting dysglycaemia in a Spanish population without diabetes.

Journal

Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2018

PMID

29807103

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

adultblood glucose

Determination of Postprandial Glycemic Responses by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in a Real-World Setting.

Journal

Nutrients · 2020

PMID

31569815

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Comparative study

adultarea under curve

Conflicting Studies6

Flash Glucose Monitoring Can Accurately Reflect Postprandial Glucose Changes in Healthy Adults in Nutrition Studies.

Journal

Journal of the American College of Nutrition · 2021

PMID

32213009

RCR

0.5

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Bears on

Core claim

adultblood glucose

Enhanced Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring during Exercise through Physical Activity Tracking Integration.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020

PMID

31480343

RCR

0.5

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Bears on

Core claim

adultblood glucose self-monitoring

Direct Evidence of Acetaminophen Interference with Subcutaneous Glucose Sensing in Humans: A Pilot Study.

Journal

Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2016

PMID

26784129

RCR

2.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Bears on

Secondary point

acetaminophenadult

Continuous Glucose Monitor Interference With Commonly Prescribed Medications: A Pilot Study.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2018

PMID

28332406

RCR

2.9

Citations

Study type

Clinical trial

Bears on

Secondary point

adultblood glucose

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Sports-A Comparison between a CGM Device and Lab-Based Glucose Analyser under Resting and Exercising Conditions in Athletes.

Journal

International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026

PMID

37568982

RCR

2.4

Citations

Study type

Comparative study

Bears on

Core claim

humansblood glucose

Is the response of continuous glucose monitors to physiological changes in blood glucose levels affected by sensor life?

Journal

Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2012

PMID

22149627

RCR

0.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Bears on

Secondary point

adultblood glucose

Evidence on: People without diabetes spend most of the day between 70 and 140 mg/dL on a continuous glucose monitor.

7 scored

Anchor Studies3

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Profiles in Healthy Nondiabetic Participants: A Multicenter Prospective Study.

Journal

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020

PMID

31127824

RCR

14.1

Citations

267

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

153 participants

adolescentadult

Defining Continuous Glucose Monitor Time in Range in a Large, Community-Based Cohort Without Diabetes.

Journal

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025

PMID

39257191

RCR

11.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 560

humansfemale

Continuous glucose monitoring is more sensitive than HbA1c and fasting glucose in detecting dysglycaemia in a Spanish population without diabetes.

Journal

Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2018

PMID

29807103

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

adultblood glucose

Supporting Studies4

Effect of Exercise and Meals on Continuous Glucose Monitor Data in Healthy Individuals Without Diabetes.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2021

PMID

32064911

RCR

2.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

153 participants

adolescentadult

Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation.

Journal

PLoS biology · 2019

PMID

30040822

RCR

9.3

Citations

224

Study type

Primary study

adultaged

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Healthy Children Aged 2-8 Years.

Journal

Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2018

PMID

29355437

RCR

0.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

blood glucoseblood glucose self-monitoring

Day-to-Day Glycemic Variability Using Continuous Glucose Monitors in Endurance Athletes.

Journal

Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025

PMID

38726672

RCR

2.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

humansmale

01 Research Log

JUL 18 2026

Comparative effects of continuous glucose monitoring-informed and traditional interval-based carbohydrate refueling protocols on endurance exercise responses: an exploratory study. (Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2025) entered as anchor on the behavior change claim.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Glucose Metrics Over Time in Physically Active Adults Without Diabetes Using a Commercial Continuous Glucose Monitoring Application. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2026) entered as anchor on the behavior change claim.

Associations of continuous glucose monitor derived time in range and glycaemic variability with diet lifestyle and demographics. (Nature communications 2026) entered as anchor on the metabolic insight claim.

Performance of continuous glucose monitoring-based meal detection algorithms in young healthy adults. (Scientific reports 2026) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Continuous Glucose Measurements for Diet Monitoring in Healthy Adults. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2026) entered as anchor on the metabolic insight claim.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Glycemic Profiles in Adolescents With Obesity Without Diabetes. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2026) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

A Wavelet AI Algorithm to Automatically Identify Postprandial Glucose Responses From Continuous Glucose Monitoring Profiles in People Without Diabetes. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2026) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring With Machine Learning to Identify Metabolic Subphenotypes and Inform Precision Lifestyle Changes. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2026) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Beyond scalar metrics: functional data analysis of postprandial continuous glucose monitoring in the AEGIS study. (BMC medical research methodology 2026) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Beyond Euglycemia: Case Studies Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Elite Athletes Without Diabetes During Record Athletic Events. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2026) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

SEP 30 2026

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes and Beyond: A Review. (JAMA internal medicine 2026) entered as anchor on the prediabetes_detection claim.

Metabolic health tracking using Ultrahuman M1 continuous glucose monitoring platform in non- and pre-diabetic Indians: a multi-armed observational study. (Scientific reports 2024) entered as anchor on the prediabetes_detection claim.

Limited Discriminatory Capacity of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Prediabetes and Increased Diabetes Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study. (Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2026) entered as null_result on the prediabetes_detection claim.

SEP 30 2026

It caps the rating until reconciled.

SEP 30 2026

Accuracy of Dexcom G6® and FreeStyle Libre® Sensors in Standardized Hypoxia Conditions: A Randomized Controlled Trial-FOX Study. (Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2026) entered as null_result on the hypoxia_accuracy claim.

SEP 30 2026

It caps the rating until reconciled.

SEP 30 2026

Dietary Intervention Is Associated with Lower CGM-Derived Glucose Rate-of-Change in Healthy Young Women: A Pilot Fixed Sequential-Intervention Study. (Nutrients 2026) entered as anchor on the rate_of_change_diet claim.

SEP 30 2026

OCT 2 2026

Accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system applied before, during, and after an intense leg-squat session with low- and high-carbohydrate availability in young adults without diabetes. (European journal of applied physiology 2024) entered as anchor on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Continuous glucose monitor overestimates glycemia, with the magnitude of bias varying by postprandial test and individual - a randomized crossover trial. (The American journal of clinical nutrition 2025) entered as anchor on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Flash Glucose Monitoring Can Accurately Reflect Postprandial Glucose Changes in Healthy Adults in Nutrition Studies. (Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2021) entered as conflicting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Clinical Validation on Healthy Humans of a Portable Non-Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitor Based on Transdermal Band-Pass Raman Spectroscopy. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2026) entered as supporting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Enhanced Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring during Exercise through Physical Activity Tracking Integration. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2020) entered as conflicting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

OCT 2 2026

Flash Glucose Monitoring Can Accurately Reflect Postprandial Glucose Changes in Healthy Adults in Nutrition Studies. (Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2021) entered as a conflicting study on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim, bearing on the core claim.

It caps the rating until reconciled.

OCT 2 2026

Enhanced Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring during Exercise through Physical Activity Tracking Integration. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2020) entered as a conflicting study on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim, bearing on the core claim.

It caps the rating until reconciled.

OCT 2 2026

The efficacy of using continuous glucose monitoring as a behaviour change tool in populations with and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. (The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity 2024) entered as anchor on the behavior change claim.

Behavioral and Psychosocial Effects of Participant-Visible Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review. (Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2026) entered as anchor on the behavior change claim.

The effect of bodyweight exercise on 24-h glycemic responses determined by continuous glucose monitoring in healthy inactive adults: a randomized crossover study. (Scientific reports 2023) entered as supporting on the rate_of_change_diet claim.

The effect of a low glycaemic index diet on reducing day-long glycaemia in healthy young adults: A randomized crossover trial. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2021) entered as anchor on the rate_of_change_diet claim.

Delayed dinnertime impairs glucose tolerance in healthy young adults. (Journal of diabetes investigation 2024) entered as supporting on the rate_of_change_diet claim.

Non-Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients Without Diabetes: Use in Cardiovascular Prevention-A Systematic Review. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2025) entered as supporting on the tir_cardiovascular_risk claim.

OCT 2 2026

It caps the rating until reconciled.

OCT 2 2026

OCT 3 2026

Normal Reference Range for Glucose Rates of Change in Nondiabetic Individuals Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring. (Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2026) entered as supporting on the rate_of_change_diet claim.

OCT 7 2026

Examining the Use of Glucose and Physical Activity Self-Monitoring Technologies in Individuals at Moderate to High Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Trial. (JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2020) entered as supporting on the behavior change claim.

Effects of Individualized Nutrition Therapy and Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Dietary and Sleep Quality in Individuals with Prediabetes and Overweight or Obesity. (Nutrients 2025) entered as supporting on the behavior change claim.

Diet-induced differences in estimated plasma glucose concentrations in healthy, non-diabetic adults are detected by continuous glucose monitoring-a randomized crossover trial. (Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 2021) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Exercise-induced improvement of glycemic fluctuation and its relationship with fat and muscle distribution in type 2 diabetes. (Journal of diabetes 2024) entered as supporting on the rate_of_change_diet claim.

OCT 8 2026

Direct Evidence of Acetaminophen Interference with Subcutaneous Glucose Sensing in Humans: A Pilot Study. (Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2016) entered as conflicting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Continuous Glucose Monitor Interference With Commonly Prescribed Medications: A Pilot Study. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2018) entered as conflicting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Eight-hour time-restricted eating does not lower daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates: A randomized control trial. (Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2023) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation. (PLoS biology 2019) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation. (PLoS biology 2019) entered as supporting on the prediabetes_detection claim.

OCT 8 2026

Direct Evidence of Acetaminophen Interference with Subcutaneous Glucose Sensing in Humans: A Pilot Study. (Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2016) entered as a conflicting study on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim, flagged as bearing on a secondary point, not the core direction.

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

OCT 8 2026

Continuous Glucose Monitor Interference With Commonly Prescribed Medications: A Pilot Study. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2018) entered as a conflicting study on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim, flagged as bearing on a secondary point, not the core direction.

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

OCT 8 2026

Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Measurements in Normo-Glycemic Individuals. (PloS one 2016) entered as supporting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Individual Postprandial Glycemic Responses to Diet in n-of-1 Trials: Westlake N-of-1 Trials for Macronutrient Intake (WE-MACNUTR). (The Journal of nutrition 2022) entered as conflicting on the metabolic insight claim.

Effect of Exercise and Meals on Continuous Glucose Monitor Data in Healthy Individuals Without Diabetes. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2021) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

From Stability to Variability: Classification of Healthy Individuals, Prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes Using Glycemic Variability Indices from Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data. (Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2025) entered as supporting on the prediabetes_detection claim.

Defining Continuous Glucose Monitor Time in Range in a Large, Community-Based Cohort Without Diabetes. (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2025) entered as supporting on the prediabetes_detection claim.

OCT 8 2026

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

OCT 8 2026

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Profiles in Healthy Nondiabetic Participants: A Multicenter Prospective Study. (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020) entered as anchor on the normal_range_nondiabetic claim.

Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation. (PLoS biology 2019) entered as supporting on the normal_range_nondiabetic claim.

OCT 8 2026

Investigating sensor location on the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring during exercise in a non-diabetic population. (European journal of sport science 2023) entered as supporting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Analytical Performance of the FreeStyle Libre 2 Glucose Sensor in Healthy Male Adults. (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2024) entered as anchor on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

OCT 15 2026

Continuous glucose monitoring is more sensitive than HbA1c and fasting glucose in detecting dysglycaemia in a Spanish population without diabetes. (Diabetes research and clinical practice 2018) entered as supporting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

OCT 15 2026

Agreement of Over-the-Counter Continuous Glucose Monitors With Capillary-Meter Glucose in Young Adults Without Diabetes (Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2026) entered as anchor on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

OCT 15 2026

Innovative solution or cause for concern? The use of continuous glucose monitors in people not living with diabetes: A narrative review. (Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association 2024) entered as conflicting on the behavior change claim.

Discordance between postprandial plasma glucose measurement and continuous glucose monitoring. (The American journal of clinical nutrition 2022) entered as anchor on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Determination of Postprandial Glycemic Responses by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in a Real-World Setting. (Nutrients 2020) entered as supporting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Healthy Children Aged 2-8 Years. (Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2018) entered as supporting on the normal_range_nondiabetic claim.

OCT 15 2026

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

OCT 25 2026

Is the response of continuous glucose monitors to physiological changes in blood glucose levels affected by sensor life? (Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2012) entered as conflicting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Sports-A Comparison between a CGM Device and Lab-Based Glucose Analyser under Resting and Exercising Conditions in Athletes. (International journal of environmental research and public health 2026) entered as conflicting on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim.

Estimating Breakfast Characteristics Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Machine Learning in Adults With or at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2026) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Impact of Lifestyle Behaviors on Postprandial Hyperglycemia during Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adult Males with Overweight/Obesity but without Diabetes. (Nutrients 2021) entered as supporting on the metabolic insight claim.

Day-to-Day Glycemic Variability Using Continuous Glucose Monitors in Endurance Athletes. (Journal of diabetes science and technology 2025) entered as supporting on the normal_range_nondiabetic claim.

Glucodensity functional profiles outperform traditional continuous glucose monitoring metrics. (Scientific reports 2025) entered as supporting on the prediabetes_detection claim.

OCT 25 2026

Is the response of continuous glucose monitors to physiological changes in blood glucose levels affected by sensor life? (Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2012) entered as a conflicting study on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim, flagged as bearing on a secondary point, not the core direction.

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

OCT 25 2026

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Sports-A Comparison between a CGM Device and Lab-Based Glucose Analyser under Resting and Exercising Conditions in Athletes. (International journal of environmental research and public health 2026) entered as a conflicting study on the measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic claim, bearing on the core claim.

It caps the rating until reconciled.

OCT 25 2026

Associations of diet composition and quality with continuous glucose monitor-derived glycemic metrics in a community-based cohort. (The American journal of clinical nutrition 2025) entered as anchor on the metabolic insight claim.

02 Revision Log

OCT 8 2026

normal_range_nondiabetic: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: People without diabetes spend most of the day between 70 and 140 mg/dL on a continuous glucose monitor..

OCT 2 2026

hypoxia_accuracy: Insufficient → Uncertain

Moved to Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: CGM sensors remain accurate under low oxygen conditions..

OCT 2 2026

hypoxia_accuracy: Unsupported → Insufficient

Moved to Insufficient by rule from the current evidence for: CGM sensors remain accurate under low oxygen conditions..

OCT 2 2026

rate_of_change_diet: Emerging → Established

Moved to Established by rule from the current evidence for: Dietary change alters CGM rate-of-change metrics more than added physical activity does..

OCT 2 2026

measurement_accuracy_nondiabetic: opened at Uncertain

Opened at Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: Consumer CGM readings agree closely with capillary or laboratory blood glucose reference measurements in people without diabetes..

SEP 30 2026

tir_cardiovascular_risk: opened at Uncertain

Opened at Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: CGM time-in-range discriminates cardiovascular risk in people without diabetes..

SEP 30 2026

rate_of_change_diet: opened at Emerging

Opened at Emerging by rule from the current evidence for: Dietary change alters CGM rate-of-change metrics more than added physical activity does..

SEP 30 2026

hypoxia_accuracy: opened at Unsupported

Opened at Unsupported by rule from the current evidence for: CGM sensors remain accurate under low oxygen conditions..

SEP 30 2026

prediabetes_detection: opened at Uncertain

Opened at Uncertain by rule from the current evidence for: CGM metrics distinguish prediabetes from normal glucose beyond conventional laboratory markers..

JUL 18 2026

behavior change: opened at Emerging

Opened at Emerging by rule from the current evidence for: Wearing a continuous glucose monitor leads to improved glycemic control through behavior change in non-diabetic users..

JUL 18 2026

metabolic insight: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: Continuous glucose monitor metrics correlate with dietary intake and metabolic health markers in non-diabetic users..

On our desk

Being read now. Nothing here changes a rating until it is read in full.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Reveals Glycemic Patterns Associated with End-Organ Alterations in Early Dysglycemia

Identified

medRxiv · 2026·Large non-diabetic AI-READI cohort testing whether CGM-derived glycemic heterogeneity relates to subclinical end-organ alterations; directly relevant to the metabolic-insight claim if it graduates to peer review.

PreprintNot peer reviewed. Does not influence any evidence rating until critically evaluated.

How to Demonstrate the Glucose Specificity of a Non-Invasive CGM: A Case Study of the SKAMo-2 Clinical Trial and Neogly™

Identified

medRxiv · 2026·Case study on demonstrating glucose specificity of a non-invasive CGM signal; relevant to measurement validity underlying CGM claims should a measurement-validity claim be added to this desk.

PreprintNot peer reviewed. Does not influence any evidence rating until critically evaluated.

Grounding Health AI: Architecture and Evaluation of a Domain-Expert Metabolic Health Agent

Identified

medRxiv · 2026·Evaluates an AI agent generating CGM/meal-based metabolic reports and documents fabricated derived metrics from foundation models; tangential to current claims but worth monitoring given growing AI-CGM interpretation tools.

PreprintNot peer reviewed. Does not influence any evidence rating until critically evaluated.

Forecasting glucose from CGM and sparse meal logs with a residual-gated multimodal transformer

Identified

medRxiv · 2026·A multimodal transformer forecasting CGM trajectories from sparse meal logs in free-living settings, directly on-topic for the metabolic-insight claim's CGM-diet relationship; worth evaluating once peer-reviewed for whether it reports a real correlation finding rather than just a forecasting-model architecture.

PreprintNot peer reviewed. Does not influence any evidence rating until critically evaluated.

Status

Studies in pool: 56
Claims rated: 8
Literature searched through: Oct 15, 2026
Next evidence review: Nov 24, 2026

3 systematic reviews 13 RCTs 36 observational 1 validity 3 other

Other Research Desks

HRV·RHR·Sleep·VO2 Max·Wearable ECG·Recovery·Activity·Blood Oxygen·Respiratory Rate·Stress·Temperature·Blood Pressure

This page interprets published research. It is not medical advice. The KnowYourPrime Research Desk rates the evidence supporting a claim, not the claim itself. It does not diagnose or treat. Talk to your own doctor about your health.