FILE: Resting Heart Rate · OPENED JUL 9 2026 · REV 2 LIVE FILE

Resting Heart Rate Research Desk

What the evidence shows about resting heart rate, disease risk, and wearable accuracy — rated by strength of evidence, updated as new studies publish.

resting heart rate hub Evidence files: HRV·Sleep·VO2 Max·Wearable ECG·CGM·Recovery·Activity·Blood Oxygen·Respiratory Rate·Stress·Temperature

Does elevated resting heart rate predict increased mortality and cardiovascular risk?

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Emerging Evidence currently favors the claim, but more confirmation is needed.

Higher resting heart rate reflects worse cardiovascular health and higher mortality risk.

Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.
Null-result evidence bears directly on the claimed effect.
Some evidence conflicts on secondary points that do not change the core direction.

58 studies scored · 6 anchor · 48 supporting · 1 conflicting · 1 null-result · Last reviewed Sep 4, 2026

Do consumer wearables measure resting heart rate accurately against a clinical reference?

KnowYourPrime evidence rating Emerging Evidence currently favors the claim, but more confirmation is needed.

Consumer wearables measure resting heart rate accurately enough to be meaningful.

Anchor-grade evidence affirms the core relationship.
Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.
The claim rests on a single anchor whose finding affirms it; a second independent affirming anchor is needed to reach Established.
Some evidence conflicts on secondary points that do not change the core direction.

9 studies scored · 1 anchor · 6 supporting · 2 conflicting · Last reviewed Sep 4, 2026

Studies in Pool66

Claims Rated2

Last PubMed SyncSep 4, 2026

Next Scheduled ReviewSep 11, 2026

4 systematic reviews 1 RCTs 34 observational 1 validity study 26 other

MAINTAINED BY The KnowYourPrime Research Desk · reviewed against new evidence on a rolling basis

Evidence for: Higher resting heart rate reflects worse cardiovascular health and higher mortality risk.

58 scored

Anchor Studies6

Resting heart rate and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population: a meta-analysis.

Journal

CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2016

PMID

26598376

RCR

11.0

Citations

237

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

203 patients

cardiovascular diseasescause of death

Resting heart rate and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality - A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Journal

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2017

PMID

28552551

RCR

9.9

Citations

209

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

cardiovascular diseasescause of death

Resting heart rate - The forgotten risk factor? Comparison of resting heart rate and hypertension as predictors of all-cause mortality in 692,217 adults in Asia and Europe.

Journal

Progress in cardiovascular diseases · 2025

PMID

39894380

RCR

2.4

Citations

Study type

Comparative study

Sample size

692,217 adults

humanshypertension

Age, sex and disease-specific associations between resting heart rate and cardiovascular mortality in the UK BIOBANK.

Journal

PloS one · 2020

PMID

32470091

RCR

1.6

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

502,534 individuals

age factorsaged

Impact of resting heart rate and predicted cardiovascular risk on mortality in nearly 110,000 Chinese adults.

Journal

Heart rhythm · 2026

PMID

40174737

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart rate

Prognostic Value of Resting Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in the 12-lead Electrocardiogram: Mortality Data from the CODE Database.

Journal

The American journal of cardiology · 2025

PMID

40180141

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

992,611 individuals

humansheart rate

Supporting Studies48

Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease.

Journal

Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2007

PMID

17719466

RCR

22.5

Citations

796

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adrenergic beta-antagonistsanimals

Resting heart rate: risk indicator and emerging risk factor in cardiovascular disease.

Journal

The American journal of medicine · 2015

PMID

25447617

RCR

6.6

Citations

169

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

benzazepinescardiovascular agents

Heart rate as a predictor of cardiovascular risk.

Journal

European journal of clinical investigation · 2018

PMID

29355923

RCR

4.0

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adolescentadult

Importance of resting heart rate.

Journal

Trends in cardiovascular medicine · 2023

PMID

35623552

RCR

10.1

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart

Heart rate and cardiovascular protection.

Journal

European journal of internal medicine · 2016

PMID

25704330

RCR

2.7

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adrenergic beta-antagonistsarrhythmias, cardiac

Resting heart rate and relation to disease and longevity: past, present and future.

Journal

Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation · 2019

PMID

30761923

RCR

2.5

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adrenergic beta-antagonistsanimals

Heart rate as cardiovascular risk factor.

Journal

Postgraduate medicine · 2020

PMID

32164466

RCR

1.1

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

age factorsblood pressure

[Resting pulse rate as an indicator of health and disease].

Journal

Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke · 2012

PMID

22717860

RCR

0.3

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

animalscardiovascular diseases

Prognostic value of home heart rate for cardiovascular mortality in the general population: the Ohasama study.

Journal

American journal of hypertension · 2005

PMID

15533725

RCR

3.2

Citations

126

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adultblood pressure determination

Resting, night-time, and 24 h heart rate as markers of cardiovascular risk in middle-aged and elderly men and women with no apparent heart disease.

Journal

European heart journal · 2014

PMID

23306958

RCR

4.6

Citations

121

Study type

Comparative study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

agedcardiovascular diseases

Resting heart rate, heart rate variability and functional decline in old age.

Journal

CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2016

PMID

26323697

RCR

3.0

Citations

Study type

Randomized controlled trial

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

activities of daily livingaged

Blunted heart rate dip during sleep and all-cause mortality.

Journal

Archives of internal medicine · 2007

PMID

17954807

RCR

3.6

Citations

122

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

blood pressure monitoring, ambulatorycardiovascular diseases

Heritability of resting heart rate and association with mortality in middle-aged and elderly twins.

Journal

Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2017

PMID

28637897

RCR

1.2

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adolescentadult

Cumulative Resting Heart Rate Exposure and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: Results from the Kailuan Cohort Study.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2018

PMID

28067310

RCR

0.6

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

47,311 adults

adultcohort studies

Resting Heartbeat Complexity Predicts All-Cause and Cardiorespiratory Mortality in Middle- to Older-Aged Adults From the UK Biobank.

Journal

Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021

PMID

33461311

RCR

1.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

biological specimen bankscardiovascular diseases

Effect of Resting Heart Rate on All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events According to Age.

Journal

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2017

PMID

28039873

RCR

0.7

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

n = 6,209

age factorscardiovascular diseases

Resting Heart Rate and Risk of Incident Venous Thromboembolism: The Tromsø Study.

Journal

Thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026

PMID

40273921

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

1,072 participants

humansvenous thromboembolism

The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man.

Journal

Cardiovascular research · 2000

PMID

10728332

RCR

0.5

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

bibliometricsdiagnostic techniques, cardiovascular

Heart and health behavior responses to GLP-1 receptor agonists: a 12-wk study using wearable technology and causal inference.

Journal

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025

PMID

39705534

RCR

2.5

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

66 individuals

humansmale

Free-living associations between resting heart rate parameters and cardiometabolic health in adults.

Journal

Physiological reports · 2026

PMID

42405474

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart rate

Assessment of heart rate measurements by commercial wearable fitness trackers for early identification of metabolic syndrome risk.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2024

PMID

39394437

RCR

0.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansmetabolic syndrome

Resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis.

Journal

Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2019

PMID

30378246

RCR

1.8

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

156 men

adultaged

[title unavailable]

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

Heritability of resting heart rate and association with mortality in middle-aged and elderly twins.

Journal

Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2017

PMID

28637897

RCR

1.2

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adolescentadult

[title unavailable]

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

[title unavailable]

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

[title unavailable]

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

Association between long-term visit-to-visit resting heart rate variability and cognitive decline: evidence from two national cohorts.

Journal

BMC psychiatry · 2026

PMID

40751189

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart rate

Elevated resting heart rate, physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a 16-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study.

Journal

Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2013

PMID

23595657

RCR

7.4

Citations

192

Study type

Comparative study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

agedcardiovascular diseases

Resting Heart Rate and Cardiovascular Disease.

Journal

Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine · 2020

PMID

30919689

RCR

0.7

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

atrial fibrillationcardiovascular diseases

Resting heart rate and cardiovascular events: time for a new crusade?

Journal

European heart journal · 2011

PMID

19933283

RCR

0.5

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

acute coronary syndromecardiovascular diseases

Low Resting Heart Rate as an Unequivocal Risk Factor for Both the Perpetration of and Exposure to Violence.

Journal

JAMA psychiatry · 2016

PMID

26352399

RCR

0.3

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

antisocial personality disorderheart rate

Heritability of resting heart rate and association with mortality in middle-aged and elderly twins.

Journal

Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2018

PMID

28659304

RCR

0.3

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

agedelectrocardiography

Resting Heart Rate to Assess Patients with Heart Failure: That is All We Need.

Journal

Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024

PMID

39319884

RCR

0.2

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart failure

Temporal Changes in Resting Heart Rate and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus.

Journal

Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2024

PMID

38310876

RCR

0.2

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansmale

Big data analysis from Sweden confirms that resting heart rate in late adolescence is significantly associated with incident heart failure and all-cause mortality.

Journal

International journal of cardiology · 2018

PMID

29579605

RCR

0.1

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adolescentheart failure

Why measure resting heart rate?

Journal

Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke · 2012

PMID

22717845

RCR

0.0

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

cardiovascular diseasesheart rate

The underappreciated value of resting heart rate in post-myocardial infarction follow-up.

Journal

International journal of cardiology · 2024

PMID

38643797

RCR

0.0

Citations

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

femalehumans

Differential associations of resting heart rate and heart rate variability indices with cardiovascular and coronary heart disease mortality risk: the prospective KORA study.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2026

PMID

42618690

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart rate

Smartwatch-derived exercise metrics as predictors of early hypertension: a prospective observational study.

Journal

BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026

PMID

42252402

Citations

Study type

Observational study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansprospective studies

Managing the patient with hypertension and elevated heart rate in the routine care setting: expert opinion and narrative review.

Journal

Current medical research and opinion · 2026

PMID

42434922

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humanshypertension

Resting Heart Rate Variability and the Effects of Biofeedback Intervention in Women with Low-Risk Pregnancy and Prenatal Childbirth Fear.

Journal

Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2019

PMID

29476282

RCR

1.2

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adultanxiety

Heart rate variability and emotion regulation: Multiethnic differences in reappraisal and suppression.

Journal

Emotion (Washington, D.C.) · 2026

PMID

41801708

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

femalehumans

The relationship between resting heart rate and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.

Journal

European heart journal · 1998

PMID

9458445

RCR

4.5

Citations

146

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

agedaged, 80 and over

Resting heart rate and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause death: the Kailuan study.

Journal

PloS one · 2015

PMID

25343354

RCR

1.6

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adolescentadult

The link between elevated long-term resting heart rate and SBP variability for all-cause mortality.

Journal

Journal of hypertension · 2020

PMID

30005029

RCR

1.0

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adultblood pressure

Elevations in time-varying resting heart rate predict subsequent all-cause mortality in older adults.

Journal

European journal of preventive cardiology · 2015

PMID

24445263

RCR

0.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

age factorsaged

Predictive value of resting heart rate for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.

Journal

Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2011

PMID

21109916

RCR

0.4

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

age distributioncardiovascular diseases

Conflicting Studies1

[title unavailable]

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

Bears on

Secondary point

Null-Result Studies1

Resting heart rate and mortality in the very old.

Journal

Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation · 2020

PMID

31581851

RCR

0.3

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

854 subjects

Bears on

Core claim

aged, 80 and overfemale

Retired / Excluded2

Sex-specific and polygenic effects underlying resting heart rate and associated risk of cardiovascular disease.

Journal

European journal of preventive cardiology · 2024

PMID

38437179

RCR

0.9

Citations

Study type

Meta-analysis

Sample size

n = 550

adultaged

Association between Resting Heart Rate and Machine Learning-Based Brain Age in Middle- and Older-Age.

Journal

The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2024

PMID

39044526

RCR

0.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

33,381 individuals

humansmiddle aged

Evidence for: Consumer wearables measure resting heart rate accurately enough to be meaningful.

9 scored

Anchor Studies1

Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables.

Journal

Physiological reports · 2025

PMID

40834291

RCR

3.5

Citations

Study type

Validity study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart rate

Supporting Studies6

Using Free-Living Heart Rate Data as an Objective Method to Assess Physical Activity: A Scoping Review and Recommendations by the INTERLIVE-Network Targeting Consumer Wearables.

Journal

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025

PMID

39893599

RCR

3.6

Citations

Study type

Review

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart rate

Resting Heart Rate Variability Measured by Consumer Wearables and Its Associations with Diverse Health Domains in Five Longitudinal Studies.

Journal

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025

PMID

41374522

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansheart rate

Inter- and intraindividual variability in daily resting heart rate and its associations with age, sex, sleep, BMI, and time of year: Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of 92,457 adults.

Journal

PloS one · 2020

PMID

32023264

RCR

8.4

Citations

121

Study type

Observational study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

adolescentadult

The Impact of Alcohol on Sleep Physiology: A Prospective Observational Study on Nocturnal Resting Heart Rate Using Smartwatch Technology.

Journal

Nutrients · 2025

PMID

40362779

RCR

2.0

Citations

Study type

Observational study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

A longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 lockdown stringency on sleep and resting heart rate measures across 20 countries.

Journal

Scientific reports · 2021

PMID

34257380

RCR

1.9

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

covid-19communicable disease control

Effects of Heat Adaptation Behaviors on Resting Heart Rate Response to Summer Temperatures in Older Adults: Wearable Device Panel Study.

Journal

JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025

PMID

41237278

Citations

Study type

Primary study

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

humansfemale

Conflicting Studies2

[title unavailable]

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

Bears on

Secondary point

[title unavailable]

Sample size

[ not stated in the abstract ]

Bears on

Secondary point

01On Our Desk

In Progress

What we're reading right now

A study only enters a claim's evidence once it's read in full and weighed against what's already in file.

Identified

Queued

Under Review

Extracted

Pending Consensus

Illness Signatures from Consumer Rings: Temperature, Respiration, Heart Rate, and Activity in a University Cohort

Identified

medRxiv · 2026·Consumer ring-derived resting heart rate, temperature, respiration, and activity signatures for illness detection; relevant to wearable measurement utility once peer-reviewed.

PreprintNot peer reviewed. Does not influence any evidence rating until critically evaluated.

Blood Age: a biological-age clock associated with modifiable wearable physiology in 20,858 adults

Identified

medRxiv · 2026·Large-cohort biological-age clock incorporating wearable physiology; potentially relevant to the physiological claim's broader risk-marker framing if it addresses resting heart rate specifically once peer-reviewed.

PreprintNot peer reviewed. Does not influence any evidence rating until critically evaluated.

02Research Log

JUL 9 2026

doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02159-1 entered as supporting on the measurement claim.

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93924-z entered as supporting on the measurement claim.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227709 entered as supporting on the measurement claim.

doi:10.14814/phy2.70527 entered as anchor on the measurement claim.

doi:10.2196/67721 entered as supporting on the measurement claim.

doi:10.3390/nu17091470 entered as supporting on the measurement claim.

doi:10.3390/s25237147 entered as supporting on the measurement claim.

doi:10.1001/archinte.167.19.2116 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2025.03.038 entered as anchor on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.06.019 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.09.016 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.02.009 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2025.03.1990 entered as anchor on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.079 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.004 entered as anchor on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2025.01.007 entered as anchor on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2022.05.006 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74619-7 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1038/srep40212 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1055/a-2593-1679 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1080/00325481.2020.1738142 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1080/00365513.2019.1566567 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1080/00365513.2019.1672085 entered as null_result on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs449 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae092 entered as anchor on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1111/eci.12892 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1111/jgs.14714 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310986 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00809.2024 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1161/jaha.120.018483 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233898 entered as anchor on the physiological claim.

doi:10.14283/jpad.2024.76 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.14814/phy2.71008 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1503/cmaj.150462 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1503/cmaj.150535 entered as anchor on the physiological claim.

doi:10.4045/tidsskr.11.0629 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

pmid:10728332 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

JUL 9 2026

doi:10.1080/00365513.2019.1672085 entered as a null result study on the physiological claim, flagged as bearing on a secondary point, not the core direction.

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

JUL 17 2026

doi:10.1002/dmrr.3095 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.14283/jpad.2024.76 entered as retired on the physiological claim.

JUL 24 2026

pmid:41388834 entered as conflicting on the measurement claim.

pmid:41399178 entered as conflicting on the measurement claim.

pmid:27402649 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

pmid:27723669 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

pmid:28637897 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

pmid:30997232 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

pmid:34320073 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

pmid:41388834 entered as conflicting on the physiological claim.

JUL 24 2026

pmid:41388834 entered as a conflicting study on the measurement claim, flagged as bearing on a secondary point, not the core direction.

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

JUL 24 2026

pmid:41399178 entered as a conflicting study on the measurement claim, flagged as bearing on a secondary point, not the core direction.

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

JUL 24 2026

pmid:41388834 entered as a conflicting study on the physiological claim, flagged as bearing on a secondary point, not the core direction.

Because it does not hit the core claim, it does not cap the rating and is tracked as an open question.

AUG 7 2026

doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae092 entered as retired on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07208-1 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

AUG 21 2026

doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1364 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1007/s10484-018-9389-1 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.067 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132059 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1037/emo0001658 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1038/s41598-026-66516-y entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1080/03007995.2026.2682073 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp484 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae092 entered as retired on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303375 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311657 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1161/circgen.119.002459 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1186/s12872-026-06073-4 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.36660/abc.20240521 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.4045/tidsskr.12.0553 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.4093/dmj.2023.0305 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

SEP 4 2026

doi:10.1038/srep40212 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1080/00365513.2019.1672085 entered as null_result on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015465 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001857 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1177/2047487313519932 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110985 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2010005000149 entered as supporting on the physiological claim.

SEP 4 2026

doi:10.1080/00365513.2019.1672085 entered as a null result study on the physiological claim, bearing on the core claim.

It caps the rating until reconciled.

04Revision Log

SEP 4 2026

physiological: Established → Emerging

Moved to Emerging by rule from the current evidence for: Higher resting heart rate is associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk..

JUL 9 2026

measurement: opened at Emerging

Opened at Emerging by rule from the current evidence for: Consumer wearable devices measure resting heart rate with close agreement to ECG reference..

JUL 9 2026

physiological: opened at Established

Opened at Established by rule from the current evidence for: Higher resting heart rate is associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk..

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