{ "registry": "KnowYourPrime Evidence Registry", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Credit KnowYourPrime and link to the finding URL." }, "fields": { "devices": "Devices this finding names, including models it says it does not cover. What was actually tested is in scope.applies_to; exclusions are in scope.does_not_cover.", "evidence": "Studies by role: anchor (the rating rests on it), conflicting, null_result, supporting.", "industry_ties": "Device-maker ties listed in Europe PMC metadata: author_affiliations names makers an author lists as an affiliation, funders names makers listed as funding. stated_ties holds ties a paper states only in its own conflict, funding or acknowledgement text, each read from that statement and worded to say only what it says. Sources are Europe PMC metadata, funding printed in the abstract, and those reviewed statements. An empty list means no tie was found there, not that the study is independent: many papers have no open full text to read. Metadata, not a judgment of the study. checked false means no Europe PMC metadata was available." }, "id": "KYP-ER-0009", "version": "1.0", "reviewed": "2026-10-24", "url": "https://knowyourprime.com/evidence-wearable-heart-rate-accuracy", "title": "Wearable Heart Rate Accuracy", "question": "Do wrist wearables measure heart rate accurately against a chest strap or ECG?", "measurement": "Heart rate", "devices": [ "Apple Watch", "Garmin", "Fitbit", "Samsung", "Polar" ], "rating": { "label": "Established", "code": "established", "definition": "Strong, consistent evidence supports the claim.", "rule_version": "1.4", "rule_reasons": [ "Systematic-review or meta-analytic evidence affirms the core relationship.", "Multiple supporting studies are consistent with the core relationship.", "Some evidence conflicts on secondary points that do not change the core direction." ] }, "conclusion": "Yes, at rest and in steady activity, which is the best-established accuracy finding for consumer wearables. Agreement falls during vigorous or irregular movement such as resistance training, and some brands track better than others.", "reasoning": [ "Wrist heart rate is counted from pulses of blood detected by light. It is far easier to get right than HRV or blood oxygen, because a few missed beats change the rate very little.", "Systematic reviews covering hundreds of validation studies find reasonably accurate heart rate across brands, and a meta-analysis of wrist pulse sensors against ECG found acceptable validity for most common activities. Other reviews note heterogeneity and how few devices have been tested, but nothing contradicts the core relationship, so the rule rates it Established." ], "key_results": [ { "text": "A review of 158 publications across nine brands found heart rate measured accurately in laboratory settings, with Apple Watch and Garmin the most accurate and Fitbit tending to underestimate; energy expenditure was not accurate for any brand.", "source": "doi:10.2196/18694", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/18694", "source_citation": "Fuller et al., JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 2021" }, { "text": "An umbrella review of 24 systematic reviews and 249 validation studies found a mean heart rate bias of about 3 percent, while also finding only about 11 percent of devices released had been validated for any outcome.", "source": "doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02077-2", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02077-2", "source_citation": "Doherty et al., Sports Medicine, 2024" }, { "text": "A meta-analysis of 44 studies and 738 effect sizes found wrist pulse sensors acceptably valid against ECG or chest straps for most common activities, with degradation during resistance training.", "source": "doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1767348", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1767348", "source_citation": "Zhang et al., Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020" } ], "scope": { "applies_to": "Heart rate from consumer wrist wearables at rest and during common activities, compared with ECG or chest straps.", "does_not_cover": "HRV, which is far more sensitive to error; arrhythmia detection; step counts with mobility aids, which are less accurate; calorie estimates, covered in a separate finding." }, "limitations": [ "Most devices on sale have never been independently validated.", "Results for one model do not transfer to its successors." ], "evidence": { "anchor": [ { "key": "doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02077-2", "title": "Keeping Pace with Wearables: A Living Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews Evaluating the Accuracy of Consumer Wearable Technologies in Health Measurement.", "first_author": "Doherty", "journal": "Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02077-2", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.2196/30791", "title": "Accuracy and Acceptability of Wrist-Wearable Activity-Tracking Devices: Systematic Review of the Literature.", "first_author": "Germini", "journal": "Journal of medical Internet research", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/30791", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.2196/35626", "title": "Accuracy and Precision of Energy Expenditure, Heart Rate, and Steps Measured by Combined-Sensing Fitbits Against Reference Measures: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.", "first_author": "Chevance", "journal": "JMIR mHealth and uHealth", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/35626", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.2196/18694", "title": "Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available Wearable Devices for Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review.", "first_author": "Fuller", "journal": "JMIR mHealth and uHealth", "year": 2021, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/18694", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1767348", "title": "Validity of Wrist-Worn photoplethysmography devices to measure heart rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "first_author": "Zhang", "journal": "Journal of sports sciences", "year": 2020, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1767348", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } } ], "conflicting": [ { "key": "doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.02.009", "title": "Activity trackers are not valid for step count registration when walking with crutches.", "first_author": "De Ridder", "journal": "Gait & posture", "year": 2019, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.02.009", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } } ], "supporting": [ { "key": "doi:10.2196/69343", "title": "Analysis of a Medically Certified, Wrist-Worn Sensor for the Assessment of Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure During Daily Activities in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure or Coronary Artery Disease and Recreational Athletes: Validation Study.", "first_author": "De Lathauwer", "journal": "JMIR cardio", "year": 2026, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/69343", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342543", "title": "Comparison of consumer-grade wearable devices with a research-grade instrument for measuring physical activity in a free-living setting.", "first_author": "Miwa", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2026, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342543", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.3390/s26144486", "title": "Consumer Smartwatch Technology in Health and Performance Research: Validity, Limitations, and Real-World Applications.", "first_author": "Lepley", "journal": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2026, "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s26144486", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106704", "title": "Fitbit Sense 2 in hospitalized general medicine patients: A pilot study assessing feasibility and validity of specific measures.", "first_author": "Lee", "journal": "International journal of medical informatics", "year": 2026, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106704", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112901", "title": "Is my smartwatch a valid witness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "first_author": "Sicbaldi", "journal": "Forensic science international", "year": 2026, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112901", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003989", "title": "Performance Evaluation of Device-Based Algorithms to Estimate Step Counts in Free-Living Adults Compared with Direct Observation.", "first_author": "Hyde", "journal": "Medicine and science in sports and exercise", "year": 2026, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003989", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1088/1361-6579/ae76b8", "title": "Validation of a novel multi-sensor wearable for measuring heart rate, steps, and energy expenditure in laboratory and simulated free-living protocols.", "first_author": "Kim", "journal": "Physiological measurement", "year": 2026, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ae76b8", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0395", "title": "Validation of a wireless device-driven method of estimating caloric expenditure during running.", "first_author": "Cronen", "journal": "Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme", "year": 2026, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2025-0395", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1088/1361-6579/adfcaf", "title": "Accuracy of energy expenditure estimation by the Apple Watch in EMS-supported exercise.", "first_author": "Heinz", "journal": "Physiological measurement", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/adfcaf", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333504", "title": "Accurate measurement of simulated slow and altered walking activity: Apple Watch best in class wearable devices.", "first_author": "Rowe", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333504", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.3390/s25226998", "title": "Aggregation Periods Influence Step Count Error in Low-Power Wearables.", "first_author": "Lundell", "journal": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s25226998", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1088/1361-6579/adca82", "title": "Apple watch accuracy in monitoring health metrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "first_author": "Choe", "journal": "Physiological measurement", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/adca82", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11253635", "title": "Benchmarking open-source step counting algorithms for wrist-worn devices.", "first_author": "Salvi", "journal": "Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC58623.2025.11253635", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.3390/s25061726", "title": "Comparison of Students' Physical Activity at Different Times and Establishment of a Regression Model for Smart Fitness Trackers.", "first_author": "Cheng", "journal": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061726", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.2196/58964", "title": "Step Count Accuracy of the Life Plus Connected Watch at Different Localizations and Speeds in Healthy Adults, Patients With Cardiovascular Disease, and Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Step Count Validation Study in Laboratory Settings.", "first_author": "Heizmann", "journal": "JMIR formative research", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/58964", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.3390/ijerph22071100", "title": "The Effect of Assistive Devices on the Accuracy of Fitbits in Healthy Individuals: A Brief Report.", "first_author": "Jaworski", "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071100", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02159-1", "title": "Using Free-Living Heart Rate Data as an Objective Method to Assess Physical Activity: A Scoping Review and Recommendations by the INTERLIVE-Network Targeting Consumer Wearables.", "first_author": "Schumann", "journal": "Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02159-1", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [ "conflict statement: the research network is partly funded by Huawei" ] } }, { "key": "doi:10.3390/s25092926", "title": "Validation of an Open-Source Smartwatch for Continuous Monitoring of Physical Activity and Heart Rate in Adults.", "first_author": "Ravanelli", "journal": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092926", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0331399", "title": "Validity of four low-cost smartwatches in estimating energy expenditure during cycling in Chinese untrained women.", "first_author": "Liu", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331399", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1007/s00402-025-05803-1", "title": "Wearable technology for mobility measurement in orthopedics and traumatology: a comparison of commercially available systems.", "first_author": "Keppler", "journal": "Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery", "year": 2025, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-025-05803-1", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.52082/jssm.2024.79", "title": "Criterion-Related Validity of Consumer-Wearable Activity Trackers for Estimating Steps in Primary Schoolchildren under Controlled Conditions: Fit-Person Study.", "first_author": "Mayorga-Vega", "journal": "Journal of sports science & medicine", "year": 2024, "url": "https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2024.79", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.2196/57158", "title": "Raw Photoplethysmography as an Enhancement for Research-Grade Wearable Activity Monitors.", "first_author": "Hibbing", "journal": "JMIR mHealth and uHealth", "year": 2024, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/57158", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.24.15888-4", "title": "Validation of steps countering recorded with a smartwatch", "first_author": "CYROL", "journal": "The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness", "year": 2024, "url": "https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.24.15888-4", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.2196/56027", "title": "Validity of a Consumer-Based Wearable to Measure Clinical Parameters in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Healthy Controls: Observational Study.", "first_author": "Hermans", "journal": "JMIR mHealth and uHealth", "year": 2024, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/56027", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01473-7", "title": "Assessment of 24-hour physical behaviour in adults via wearables: a systematic review of validation studies under laboratory conditions.", "first_author": "Giurgiu", "journal": "The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity", "year": 2023, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-023-01473-7", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2023.07.005", "title": "Validity of Apple Watch 6 and Polar A370 for monitoring energy expenditure while resting or performing light to vigorous physical activity.", "first_author": "Sun", "journal": "Journal of science and medicine in sport", "year": 2023, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2023.07.005", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1123/jpah.2022-0160", "title": "Wearable Device Validity in Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate Across Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index: Data Analysis From a Systematic Review.", "first_author": "Musa", "journal": "Journal of physical activity & health", "year": 2023, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2022-0160", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.2023656", "title": "Wrist-worn devices for the measurement of heart rate and energy expenditure: A validation study for the Apple Watch 6, Polar Vantage V and Fitbit Sense.", "first_author": "Hajj-Boutros", "journal": "European journal of sport science", "year": 2023, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.2023656", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01350-9", "title": "A catalog of validity indices for step counting wearable technologies during treadmill walking: the CADENCE-adults study.", "first_author": "Mora-Gonzalez", "journal": "The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01350-9", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1080/03091902.2021.2006350", "title": "A meta-analysis of Fitbit devices: same company, different models, different validity evidence.", "first_author": "Leung", "journal": "Journal of medical engineering & technology", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03091902.2021.2006350", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.52082/jssm.2022.356", "title": "Are Wrist-Worn Activity Trackers and Mobile Applications Valid for Assessing Physical Activity in High School Students? Wearfit Study.", "first_author": "Viciana", "journal": "Journal of sports science & medicine", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2022.356", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.2196/36377", "title": "Quality Evaluation of Free-living Validation Studies for the Assessment of 24-Hour Physical Behavior in Adults via Wearables: Systematic Review.", "first_author": "Giurgiu", "journal": "JMIR mHealth and uHealth", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/36377", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01665-4", "title": "Recommendations for Determining the Validity of Consumer Wearables and Smartphones for the Estimation of Energy Expenditure: Expert Statement and Checklist of the INTERLIVE Network.", "first_author": "Argent", "journal": "Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01665-4", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [ "Huawei" ], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.08.004", "title": "Step-count outcomes of 13 different activity trackers: Results from laboratory and free-living experiments.", "first_author": "Nakagata", "journal": "Gait & posture", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.08.004", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [ "conflict statement: an author received research funding from Omron, whose trackers were among those tested" ] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04951-1", "title": "Wearable activity trackers-advanced technology or advanced marketing?", "first_author": "Shei", "journal": "European journal of applied physiology", "year": 2022, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04951-1", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1080/03091902.2021.1893395", "title": "Factors associated with validity of consumer-oriented wearable physical activity trackers: a meta-analysis.", "first_author": "Leung", "journal": "Journal of medical engineering & technology", "year": 2021, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03091902.2021.1893395", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103147", "title": "Recommendations for determining the validity of consumer wearable and smartphone step count: expert statement and checklist of the INTERLIVE network.", "first_author": "Johnston", "journal": "British journal of sports medicine", "year": 2021, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103147", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24173-x", "title": "Sensing leg movement enhances wearable monitoring of energy expenditure.", "first_author": "Slade", "journal": "Nature communications", "year": 2021, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24173-x", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-18-00319", "title": "A Step in the Right Direction: Body Location Determines Activity Tracking Device Accuracy in Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasty Patients.", "first_author": "Goel", "journal": "The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons", "year": 2020, "url": "https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-18-00319", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.2196/14534", "title": "Accuracy of the Multisensory Wristwatch Polar Vantage's Estimation of Energy Expenditure in Various Activities: Instrument Validation Study.", "first_author": "Gilgen-Ammann", "journal": "JMIR mHealth and uHealth", "year": 2020, "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/14534", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2019026110", "title": "Feasibility of Commercially Marketed Health Devices for Potential Clinical Application.", "first_author": "Uchimura", "journal": "Critical reviews in biomedical engineering", "year": 2020, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019026110", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1177/1460458217720399", "title": "Fitness band accuracy in older community dwelling adults.", "first_author": "Madigan", "journal": "Health informatics journal", "year": 2020, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458217720399", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001966", "title": "Standardizing Analytic Methods and Reporting in Activity Monitor Validation Studies.", "first_author": "Welk", "journal": "Medicine and science in sports and exercise", "year": 2020, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001966", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.3390/ijerph16173037", "title": "Validity of Wrist-Worn Activity Trackers for Estimating VO 2max and Energy Expenditure.", "first_author": "Passler", "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "year": 2020, "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173037", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1491941", "title": "Assessment of step accuracy using the Consumer Technology Association standard.", "first_author": "Bunn", "journal": "Journal of sports sciences", "year": 2019, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1491941", "industry_ties": { 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"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.04.034", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1080/09593985.2017.1354412", "title": "Step count accuracy and reliability of two activity tracking devices in people after stroke.", "first_author": "Schaffer", "journal": "Physiotherapy theory and practice", "year": 2018, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2017.1354412", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.016", "title": "The validity and reliability of consumer-grade activity trackers in older, community-dwelling adults: A systematic review.", "first_author": "Straiton", "journal": "Maturitas", "year": 2018, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.016", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } }, { "key": "doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001471", "title": "Validity of Wearable Activity Monitors during Cycling and Resistance Exercise.", "first_author": "Boudreaux", "journal": "Medicine and science in sports and exercise", "year": 2018, "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001471", "industry_ties": { "checked": true, "author_affiliations": [], "funders": [], "stated_ties": [] } } ] }, "evidence_last_evaluated": "Oct 15, 2026", "rating_history": [ { "date": "2026-07-20", "rating": "Established", "from": null, "rule_version": "1.4" } ], "versions": [ { "version": "1.0", "date": "2026-10-24", "rating": "Established", "change": "First published." } ], "research_desk": "https://knowyourprime.com/research-desk-activity#device-motion-validity", "related_findings": [ "https://knowyourprime.com/evidence-wearable-calorie-accuracy", "https://knowyourprime.com/evidence-wearable-hrv-accuracy" ], "related_articles": [ "https://knowyourprime.com/apple-vs-fitbit-heart-rate-accuracy-arrhythmia", "https://knowyourprime.com/apple-watch-hrv-resting-heart-rate-accuracy" ], "methodology": "https://knowyourprime.com/methodology", "citation": "KnowYourPrime Evidence Registry, Finding KYP-ER-0009, version 1.0, reviewed 2026-10-24. https://knowyourprime.com/evidence-wearable-heart-rate-accuracy" }